10:24 GMT, Wednesday, 4 February 2009
Summer babies 'tall and strong'
A pregnant woman
Children who are born in late summer or early autumn are often taller and stronger than peers born in spring and winter, a large study suggests.
The results from the Children of the 90s project - which involved 7,000 youngsters - says the reason may lie in their mothers' exposure to the sun.
The body makes Vitamin D, crucial for bone-building, from sunlight.
The Bristol University study suggests that this process may even occur in babies while still in the womb.
By the age of 10, those children born in the summer and autumn months were on average half a centimetre taller and had nearly 13 cm sq of extra bone area than those born in the winter months.
"Wider bones are thought to be stronger and less prone to breaking as a result of osteoporosis in later life, so anything that affects early bone development is significant"
Professor Jon Tobias
Bristol University
"Wider bones are thought to be stronger and less prone to breaking as a result of osteoporosis in later life, so anything that affects early bone development is significant," said Professor Jon Tobias, one of the researchers.
Mothers entering the late stages of pregnancy in the summer can attain the necessary vitamin D levels by walking around outside or even sunbathing, the researchers suggested.
People should not panic about skin cancer as a result of controlled exposure, as some sun was much better than none, they added.
And if there was not much sun to be seen, "women might consider talking to their doctor about taking Vitamin D supplements, particularly if their babies are due between November and May," said Professor Tobias.
In winter months at latitudes of 52 degrees north (above Birmingham), there is no ultraviolet light of the appropriate wavelength for the body to make vitamin D in the skin, research shows.
The Arthritis Research Campaign is currently running a trial to establish whether giving vitamin D to pregnant women increases the bone density of their babies at birth and in childhood and reduces the risk of developing osteoporosis in later life.
"Although most people in the UK can can get the essential nutrients they need from their diet, and don't need to take extra supplements, the exception is vitamin D," a spokeswoman for the charity said.
"Because of a lack of sunshine in the UK in winter many Brits are vitamin D deficient, with vitamin D deficiency extremely common in pregnant women, leading to their babies having weaker bones at birth."
A study last year also suggested that pregnant and nursing mothers take supplements to curtail an apparent resurgence of the bone disease rickets.
--------------------------
14:03 GMT, Wednesday, 4 February 2009
'Holocaust bishop' told to recant
breaking news
The Vatican has ordered an ultra-traditionalist bishop to publicly recant his views denying the Holocaust.
A statement said Bishop Richard Williamson must "unequivocally" distance himself from his statements to serve in the Roman Catholic Church.
The Vatican also said that the Pope had not been aware of the bishop's views when he lifted excommunications on him and three other bishops last month.
Earlier, a senior cardinal acknowledged the Vatican had mishandled the issue.
The Pope's decision, ending Bishop Williamson's excommunication on an unrelated matter, has caused a bitter row, as he does not believe that six million Jews were gassed by the Nazis in World War II.
On Tuesday, German Chancellor Angela Merkel urged the Pope to make a clearer rejection of Holocaust denials.
"This is not just a matter, in my opinion, for the Christian, Catholic and Jewish communities in Germany but the Pope and the Vatican should clarify unambiguously that there can be no denial," she said.
Cardinal Walter Kasper, who is in charge of relations between the Roman Catholic church and Jewish leaders, admitted different parts of the Vatican administration had not talked enough to each other, and failed to check where problems could arise.
Bishop Williamson - who was ex-communicated 20 years ago on an unrelated matter - has apologised for stirring controversy, but not repudiated his views.
--------------------------
07:45 GMT, Tuesday, 3 February 2009
Alzheimer's 'is brain diabetes'
Elderly man
The most common form of dementia may be closely related to another common disease of old-age - type II diabetes, say scientists.
Treating Alzheimer's with the hormone insulin, or with drugs to boost its effect, may help patients, they claim.
The journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences reports insulin could protect against damage to brain cells key to memory.
UK experts said the find could be the basis of new drug treatments.
"The most exciting implications are that some diabetes drugs have the potential to be developed as Alzheimer's treatments"
Spokesman, Alzheimer's Research Trust
The relationship between insulin and brain disease has been under scrutiny since doctors found evidence that the hormone was active there.
The latest study, joint research between Northwestern University in the US and the University of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, looked at the effects of insulin on proteins called ADDLs, which build up in the brains of Alzheimer's patients and cause damage.
They took neurons - brain cells - from the hippocampus, a part of the brain with a pivotal role in memory formation.
These were treated with insulin and a drug called rosiglitazone, given to type II diabetics to increase the effect of the hormone on cells.
After this, the cells were far less susceptible to damage when exposed to ADDLs, suggesting that insulin was capable of blocking their effects.
Treatment hope
Professor William Klein, from Northwestern, said that drugs to boost the brain's sensitivity to insulin could provide "new avenues" for treating Alzheimer's disease.
"Sensitivity to insulin can decline with aging, which presents a novel risk factor for Alzheimer's disease - our results demonstrate that bolstering insulin signalling can protect neurons from harm."
His colleague, Professor Sergio Ferreira, from Rio de Janeiro, said: "Recognising that Alzheimer's disease is a type of brain diabetes points the way to novel discoveries that may finally result in disease-modifying treatments for this devastating disease."
A spokesman for the Alzheimer's Research Trust said that the study shed light on how insulin interacted with toxic proteins linked to the disease.
"People with diabetes are at higher risk of developing Alzheimer's. It is well known that insulin affects how the brain works, and this research adds more evidence to the possibility that Alzheimer's could be a type of brain diabetes.
"The most exciting implications are that some diabetes drugs have the potential to be developed as Alzheimer's treatments."
Dr Victoria King, of the charity Diabetes UK, said: "We already know that people with Type 2 diabetes are at a higher risk of developing Alzheimer's disease.
"This study is in its early stages but it is interesting because it suggests that insulin, alongside drugs that help the body use insulin more effectively, may protect against the underlying biological mechanisms associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease.
"This is very intriguing and could potentially help with new treatments for Alzheimer's disease and shed further light on its links with diabetes. We would certainly welcome more research in this area."
-----------------------------
West Europe's taxpayers exposed to east's loans
6 hours 20 mins ago
Reuters Gergely Szakacs
* Print Story
Peter Mihalovits was just about to retire when the crisis hit. He had ignored warnings about borrowing in foreign currencies to take what seemed a risk-free, cheap route to a lifestyle he could otherwise not afford.
Now the 59-year old must try to hang on to his job in the road haulage business to pay off his Swiss franc mortgage.
"The monthly instalment has doubled," said Mihalovits. "I wanted to retire but now I have to work, otherwise we would not sustain ourselves even at lower living standards."
As emerging European currencies weaken by the day, the rising cost of loans taken out by people like him in foreign currencies such as the Swiss franc, the euro and the yen is pushing some of them into default.
As joblessness also increases, the mounting risk is putting emerging Europe's banks -- and their increasingly state-backed Western parents -- under heavy pressure.
Western European banks, mainly from Austria, Italy and Germany, have bought up most of emerging Europe's banks. Until recently this was seen as a blessing, protecting the region from sudden retreats by investors.
Now the banks dominating the region -- topped by Italy's UniCredit, Austria's Raiffeisen International and Erste Group Bank -- are struggling with scarce funding for themselves, and reliance on them could trigger a credit crunch in the east.
For now analysts say stricter lending practices and lower loan-to-value ratios make a U.S.-style subprime mortgage meltdown unlikely in eastern Europe.
But currency weakness and job losses will squeeze bank earnings and erode portfolios. And as authorities increasingly urge their Western bankers to keep bail-out cash close to home to minimise the burden on taxpayers, the outlook darkens.
"In extreme loan-loss scenarios, the cost to western European taxpayers could be substantial," Goldman Sachs analysts Rory MacFarquhar and Jonathan Pinder wrote in a note last week.
"If western European governments refuse to allow their troubled banks to support ... subsidiaries, it would fall to the (emerging European) governments themselves to support the local banks," said the note for exposed banks).
"In this situation, many more countries would likely have to appeal to the IMF for assistance, and even so would have only a limited ability to escape a deep credit contraction."
The IMF warned last July that emerging economies in eastern Europe faced severe repercussions from a sharp retreat in oil prices, as they particularly benefited from petrodollar deposits from countries such as Russia, Libya, Nigeria and Angola.
In contrast to the 1970s and 1980s when Latin America felt the pain of retreating Middle Eastern petrodollars, "the bulk of vulnerable countries is not Latin America but in emerging Europe," wrote IMF economist Johannes Wiegand at the time.
EXPOSURE
Data from the Bank for International Settlements released last week showed Austrian banks' claims on emerging European clients totalled $277.6 billion, or nearly 75 percent of Austria's Gross Domestic Product.
For Sweden, claims mostly on clients in the Baltic countries of Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia represent 23 percent of GDP and for the Netherlands, exposed mostly to Polish, Russian and Romanian borrowers, this is just under 16 percent.
Since early last August Hungary's forint has dropped about 28 percent versus the Swiss franc, 46 percent to the yen, and about 23 percent versus the euro. The Romanian leu has dropped 19 percent versus the euro while the Polish zloty has lost about 30 percent.
In Hungary, whose economy was rescued only by a $25.1 billion (17.38 billion pound) IMF-led loan in October, a growing number of households face difficulty repaying their mortgages.
Mariann Lenard, a lawyer whose society assists troubled Hungarian borrowers, says her workload has shot up since last September.
"We have registered a 10- to 15-times increase in the number of complaints since last September-October," Lenard told Reuters, sitting in her small office. "Instead of the usual 20, we now get 128 emails a day and the same amount via post."
Hungary's total stock of foreign currency mortgages rose to 2,374 billion forints (7.1 billion pounds), or about 9 percent of GDP by December.
Austria's Raiffeisen Zentralbank, owner of Raiffeisen International, last week sought a state capital injection of 1.75 billion euros (1.56 billion pounds) to help it weather the credit crisis.
Peter Felcsuti, Chief Executive of Raiffeisen's Hungarian unit and head of Hungary's Banking Association, said the quality of households' foreign currency loans was bound to deteriorate as the recession takes its toll and the currency weakens.
"These impacts add up and this is definitely a concern," Felcsuti said.
Raiffeisen is the No.5 lender in Hungary, where home-grown OTP is the biggest bank, followed by units of Belgium's KBC, Germany's BayernLB and Intesa Sanpaolo.
CIB, Intesa's Hungarian unit, said for the time being it could not see a rise in the proportion of non-performing loans but, looking at trends of rising unemployment, this could change within months.
WEAKENING CYCLE
If the forint were to weaken even only slightly further from an all-time low of 303.50, the pain could spread.
"Above 300 (to the euro) I can already see problems given that over the past years the average exchange rate was about 250," said analyst Daniel Bebesy at Budapest Fund Management. "So a 25-30 percent depreciation can put many borrowers in a hard spot."
Three months ago, Hungary was the only country in the region expected to slide into recession this year. Now the whole region's growth prospects look much more dismal than before.
Romanian central bank data showed the number of individual borrowers with past-due debts older than 30 days rose by around 21 percent to 443,000 from January 2008.
"The level of non-performing loans is not yet worrying but the trend needs to be monitored," said Nicolae Cinteza, head of its surveillance department.
"Against a background of rising unemployment and national currency depreciation, it is expected that non-performance will increase," he added.
Erste's BCR is the biggest player in Romania, followed by Societe Generale's BRD and Raiffeisen.
In Poland, banks with large portfolios of Swiss franc mortgages have seen the zloty's steep falls over the last four months swell the value of loans on their balance sheets: they are now scrambling to attract more deposits.
Slovak banks -- the biggest are owned by Erste, Intesa and Raiffeisen -- said last week they had not seen any dramatic worsening of mortgage portfolios, but the government plans to help cover mortgages for people who lose their jobs because of the crisis.
Foreign banks in Serbia have been reluctant to lend since October.
Plumbing engineer Laszlo Vadasz has already seen the consequence. Since the construction project he was working on folded, the 61-year-old defaulted on his Swiss franc mortgage worth 20 million forints on a house outside Budapest.
He has been declared unfit to work with high blood pressure and his bank is preparing to auction off the house he shares with his wife and disabled son.
-----------------------------
Gazan smugglers dig to beat blockade
By Anna Fifield in Rafah, Gaza
Published: February 3 2009 20:18 | Last updated: February 3 2009 20:18
Most Gaza residents are desperate for the tiny Palestinian territory’s borders to be re-opened so they can get their hands on the commodities they need to rebuild their lives after last month’s conflict with Israel.
Not Mohammad and his family. As owners of one of the biggest tunnels under the Egyptian border, they have developed a booming business out of Gaza’s imposed isolation.
“We would be sad if the borders opened again,” says Mohammad, who is in his mid-20s, at his home in the border town of Rafah. “If they open, the tunnels will be shut down and I will have to start trading legitimately.”
Mohammad was nervous about talking to the Financial Times, afraid not just of admitting to an illegal business but also of betraying secrets that Israel could use.
Israel heavily bombed the Rafah border during its 22-day assault on the Gaza Strip, seeking to destroy the underground network that it accuses of supplying weapons to Hamas. Attacks on the tunnels have continued as retaliation for sporadic rocket fire from Gaza.
Many of the tunnels were dug after Israel closed the borders when Hamas seized power two years ago. Hamas wants the borders fully reopened but with the Jewish state concerned about rearmament of the Islamist group, that does not look likely soon.
Mohammad and his family painted a picture of a lucrative and sophisticated smuggling network that operates with the full knowledge of officials on both sides of the Egypt-Gaza border.
“The best period was during the [six month] ceasefire between Israel and Hamas [in 2008], because Israel continued to block the crossings but we were still working,” said Ahmed, Mohammad’s father. They estimate they made a profit of $1m during this time and shared it with their eight partners in one of the oldest, largest tunnels.
The partners built the tunnel seven years ago to smuggle cigarettes into Gaza, bypassing customs duties. But it was not until the Israeli blockade that business really took off.
Since then, they have been bringing everything from cheese and nappies to laptops, full-size fridges and even cars through their 190m-long, 27m-deep tunnel, transported on plastic trolleys with mechanical pulley systems. “We are the transporters,” says Mohammad, pulling out his mobile phone to play a video clip of a man, bent at the waist, walking through the tunnel.
There are set rates: they charge $200 (€154, $140) for every 40kg load, or $5,000 per tonne. Bringing a sheep through costs $100; a cow is double that. Chinese motorcycles can be delivered for $600 each, while two customers have paid a cool $7,000 a pop to have BMWs brought through the tunnels in pieces (Mohammad insists both cars worked perfectly when reassembled in Gaza).
Mohammad’s tunnel was damaged in air strikes three times during last month’s conflict but quickly repaired.
The tunnels provide employment for young men who would otherwise have no jobs. They receive $100 for each metre they dig.
A handful of tunnels were not damaged in the bombing – Israel estimates it destroyed 80 per cent of the network – and the “tunnel market” in Rafah is bustling, selling everything from generators to leather jackets.
Mohammad’s family is feeling the pinch from the increased competition. “A year ago there were only 10 tunnels but now there are 150, and some people are charging only $100 or $150 for 40kg. So we need to expand,” he said; they are building a second tunnel.
They have few hassles on the Egyptian side, where their 50/50 partners oversee operations and grease palms. “We bribe the Egyptian officials. Recently they have been asking for 2,000 Egyptian pounds ($359; €276; £250) a month ,” says Mohammad. “They say ‘you can smuggle anything you like, just don’t let me see you’.”
That might change. Israel has signed agreements with Egypt and the US to crack down on the Rafah tunnels.
In Gaza, the tunnels work with the knowledge and encouragement of Hamas. Every tunnel operator has a “responsibility” to transport one tonne of wheat and one tonne of cement via their tunnel for free each week.
Israel suspects that Hamas brings weapons underground but Ahmed says they do not come through his tunnel.
“The Hamas government has their own tunnels, and they are big enough to drive cars through,” he says. “They get weapons, rockets, Grads [rockets], everything through their own tunnels.”
-----------------------------
Bishkek to shut US military base
By Isabel Gorst
Published: February 4 2009 02:00 | Last updated: February 4 2009 02:00
Kyrgyzstan said yesterday it would shut a US military base on its territory after Russia offered $2bn (€1.5bn, £1.4bn) of emergency aid to the impoverished central Asian country.
The base, located at Manas outside Bishkek, the Kyrgyz capital, was established with Russia's blessing in 2001 to support US coalition forces' campaign to overthrow the Taliban in Afghanistan.
However, Russia has since called for the removal of US bases from central Asia. Russia also agreed to participate in a delayed hydroelectric project in Kyrgyzstan.
Isabel Gorst, Moscow
--------------------------
Kazakh banks' decline is a cause for City shame
By Andrew Hill
Published: February 4 2009 02:00 | Last updated: February 4 2009 02:00
Heaven knows British banks are hardly shining examples of sturdiness these days. But if you were seeking an illustration of how the City got carried away before the credit crunch, Kazakhstan's banks would be Exhibit A.
The Kazakh government's sovereign wealth fund has just taken the brutal but logical next step in a series of decisions aimed at propping up its struggling domestic banks. Earlier this week, it bought majority stakes in BTA and Alliance Bank and took minority investments in Halyk and Kazkommertsbank.
So far, so Kazakh. Except that the last three were all the subject of enthusiastic marketing campaigns by City institutions that sold the banks' global depository receipts via the London Stock Exchange in 2006 and 2007. The credit crunch has since crushed their equity value. Alliance - described in these pages (ominously as it turns out) as Kazakhstan's "fastest-growing bank" - launched its offering on the brink of the crisis in July 2007 at $14 per GDR. The government paid less than $1 this week for a 76 per cent stake - the whole of it.
This saga is embarrassing for the UK at several levels. Kazakhstan itself is not really to blame for the pre-crunch frenzy. When Nursultan Nazarbayev, the president, came to London with a 200-strong delegation in November 2006 he was courted by everybody from the Queen downwards. A trip to the Stock Exchange was a high-profile part of that visit.
But Mr Nazarbayev was only capitalising on investors' and advisers' single-minded obsession with the rising price of commodities that underpin the Kazakh economy. City experts lavished attention on his country's mining and financial sectors, selling ever more exotic debt instruments for the banks.
So now that the Kazakh government justifies its highly politicised nationalisation of the banks with reference to the UK's rescue plan for its financial institutions, Britain can hardly complain. Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery, they say.
The supposedly sophisticated investors that bought the GDRs should be embarrassed. But the deeper shame is the damage inflicted on the City's reputation by its unseemly excitement about such listings. The fact that Alliance Bank - based in Almaty (average winter temperature: between -3 and -13 celsius) - had to postpone its conference call on the latest developments by a day because of a modest snowfall in the Square Mile just adds insult to injury.
---------------------------
Kazakhstan devalues tenge by almost a fifth
By Isabel Gorst in Moscow
Published: February 5 2009 02:00 | Last updated: February 5 2009 02:00
Kazakhstan devalued the tenge by almost one-fifth yesterday in a move that it blamed on the sharp depreciation of the Russian rouble and falling oil prices.
The devaluation will increase the focus on other central Asian republics, which are economically highly interdependent and vulnerable to Russia's economic woes.
The Kazakh central bank set a new corridor for the tenge, saying the currency would be allowed to fluctuate by about 3 per cent around a level of 150 against the US dollar.
Yesterday the tenge tumbled to 149 against the dollar, a drop of more than 18 per cent from Tuesday's levels of 122-124 - the far end of the central bank's previous corridor of 117-123.
Grigory Marchenko, the chairman of the Kazakh central bank, pledged to support the tenge at the new level.
"We have reached a new market equilibrium level and we will defend it," he said.
Kazakhstan has used up $6bn (€4.6bn, £4.1bn) of its foreign exchange reserves since October defending the tenge, including $2.7bn in January alone.
Similar to Russia, Kazakhstan has been able to defend its currency using foreign exchange reserves built up during years of high demand for exports, but falling oil revenues and competitive pressure from cheaper Russian goods have forced the devaluation.
Energy-poor, central Asian countries have insufficient financial resources to support their currencies and are looking for international aid to survive the deepening crisis, providing Russia with an opportunity to strengthen its influence in the region.
Russia offered Kyrgyzstan $2bn in emergency aid this week and said it would exchange Kyrgyz debt for control of a torpedo plant that supplies the Russian navy.
Moscow yesterday denied that the aid package was tied to a Kyrgyz decision to shut a US military base on its territory.
Central Asian countries have been affected by a slump in remittance earnings as Russia and Kazakhstan lay off foreign construction labourers.
Meanwhile, Russia has pressed ahead with a strategy to assert control over central Asian gas, offering Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan higher prices for supplies. Uzbekistan has, in turn, increased the price it charges Kyrgyzstan and Tajikstan for gas, helping to exacerbate an energy crisis in both countries.
Last month, Tajikstan turned to the International Monetary Fund and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development after its currency fell by 7 per cent in the final quarter of 2008.
Ulrich Leuchtmann, currency strategist at Commerzbank, said that Kazakhstan was taking the opposite approach to the Russian central bank.
"They've chosen to devalue the tenge in one big step, thus reducing pressure on the currency, and costing far less in reserves. In that sense it's a very wise decision," he said.
Katya Malofeeva, chief economist at Renaissance Capital in Moscow, said the tenge should be able to hold its value within the new corridor without central bank intervention. However, uncertainties about world oil prices and exact dates when Kazakh banks will repay foreign obligations could change the picture.
-----------------------------
Medvedev vows aid as Kyrgyzstan looks to close US base
By Isabel Gorst
Published: February 5 2009 02:00 | Last updated: February 5 2009 02:00
Kyrgyzstan's government asked parliament yesterday to approve its decision to close a US military base on its territory after Russia offered $2bn of emergency aid to the impoverished central Asian country.
Russia also said it would write off Kyrgyzstan's debt in exchange for control of a secret torpedo plant that equips the Russian navy. Kurmanbek Bakiyev, Kyrgyz president, said the deal would help to underpin the economy.
Moscow denied a connection between the $2bn (€1.6bn, £1.4bn) package to combat an economic crisis - the equivalent of about half of Kyrgyzstan's gross domestic product - and Bishkek's decision to close the Manas base.
Dmitry Medvedev, Russian president, said: "In the conditions of an economic crisis, this [package] is a serious and important contribution to the economic growth of Kyrgyzstan."
Mr Medvedev distanced himself from the Kyrgyz announcement about closing the base, saying it was "within the competence of the Kyrgyz republic" to decide how Manas functioned.
Grigory Karasin, Russia's deputy foreign minister, described the move as "a sovereign and well thought out decision by Kyrgyzstan".
The US base was established with Russia's blessing in 2001 to support the campaign to overthrow the Taliban in Afghanistan. However, Russia has since called for the removal of US bases from central Asia, an area traditionally in its zone of influence.
Moscow was prepared to co-operate with the US coalition to stabilise Afghanistan, even if Manas were closed, Mr Karasin said.
Geoff Morrell, Pentagon spokesman, said Manas was a hugely important airbase. "It provides us with a launching-off point to provide supplies to our forces in Afghanistan . . . We are actively involved in discussions with the Kyrgyz government about the continued use of Manas."
He added that David Petraeus, commander of US central command, and Duncan McNabb, commander of the US's transportation command, had both travelled to Kyrgyzstan as part of Washington's efforts to continue using the base.
Mr Morrell added: "I have seen nothing to suggest, other than press reports, that the Russians are attempting to undermine our use of that facility."
Robert Simmons, Nato's special representative for the Caucasus and central Asia, said it would be "regrettable" if the base closed.
Kyrgyzstan threatened to evict the US from Manas in 2006, but backed down after Washington agreed to increase the rent.
-----------------------------
Swiss Re turns to Buffett for new funding
By Haig Simonian in Zurich
Published: February 5 2009 07:53 | Last updated: February 5 2009 08:54
Swiss Re on Thursday turned to Warren Buffett, the legendary US investor, for fresh funding and cut its dividend to a “nominal” amount in an effort to retain its investment grade credit rating.
The Swiss reinsurer also scrapped its financial markets activities following large writedowns on structured credit default contracts and reported a SFr1bn ($860m) annual loss.
The results, which were released early following heavy share price falls in recent days on rumours of losses and refinancing needs, confirmed analysts’ worst fears. Swiss Re shares plunged 16.6 per cent to SFr25.14 per cent in early Zurich trading.
More than half of the SFr5bn Swiss Re may raise – SFr3bn – will come from Berkshire Hathaway, Warren Buffett’s investment group, which is already a big shareholder. Mr Buffett could eventually own more than 20 per cent of the Swiss reinsurer.
The decision to raise capital followed Swiss Re’s admission that, at year-end, it was SFr1.5bn-SFr2bn below the level required to maintain its current AA credit rating. To preserve capital, the group intends to cut its dividend to a nominal amount.
Shareholders’ equity fell to SFr19bn-SFr20bn at year-end following unrealised losses on investments in the fourth quarter and exchange rate factors.
Swiss Re’s problems contrasted with the relative health of its arch rival Munich Re. The German group this week said that although 2008 profits had slumped to €1.5bn from €3.9bn, it would maintain its €5.50 dividend.
Berkshire’s holding, which is subject to Swiss Re shareholders’ approval, will probably be via a perpetual note paying 12 per cent. The US investor will have the option in three years to convert into Swiss Re shares at SFr25.
“We’ve seen a much, much larger movement in asset values in the fourth quarter than anyone anticipated”, said George Quinn, chief financial officer.
Swiss Re, which had claimed to have taken extraordinary steps to protect the value of its near SFr200bn investment portfolio, said it would continue reducing risk while raising new funds.
Apart from the injection from Berkshire, the group said it would raise further equity of up to SFr2bn, subject to market conditions.
“We are disappointed with our overall results in 2008, but our core business – property and Casualty and life and health – are performing well”, said Jacques Aigrain, chief executive.
The comments showed how deeply the group suffered in its financial services division, which has already had to write down about SFr2.7bn since late 2007 on two disastrous structured credit default swaps for a client.
In a surprise move, the group announced a full scale retreat from its former strategy of moving increasingly into sophisticated, and sometimes esoteric, financial insurance and trading.
Swiss Re will disband its financial markets activities, with remaining businesses being reorganised into asset management and a “bad bank” legacy business, which will hold the structured CDS and other troubled assets. Swiss Re said the legacy unit booked a SFr6bn writedown for the year, of which SFr2bn stemmed from the structured CDS.
Mr Quinn said the aim of the legacy unit would be to run down the portfolio as quickly as possible.
The group said underlying re-insurance activities remained strong. In property and casualty, it expected a combined ratio – a key industry yardstick of costs and claims as a proportion of premiums – of 97.4 per cent. Life and health also remained “strong”, it said, with a full year benefit ratio of about 85.5 per cent.
Swiss Re said demand for reinsurance had increased, and rates were expected to rise by about 2 per cent, leading to a 6 per cent rise in the group’s volume of business at constant exchange rates. By contrast, Munich Re said renewals in January – one of the key periods for negotiating new contracts, had not gone as well as expected.
-----------------------------
Command accord presages French return to Nato
By Ben Hall in Paris and James Blitz in London
Published: February 5 2009 02:00 | Last updated: February 5 2009 02:00
France has paved the way for its full reintegration in Nato's military command by securing the backing of the US administration for French officers to take two senior command positions in the alliance.
Forty-three years after General Charles de Gaulle pulled his country out of Nato's military command in a bold assertion of diplomatic and military autonomy, Nicolas Sarkozy, the French president, appears to have sealed his country's return to the heart of the alliance, ending a symbol of its foreign policy exceptionalism.
According to diplomats in Paris and Brussels, final decisions on the commands to be accorded to France have not yet been taken. "France has still to formally announce whether and when it will rejoin Nato's military structure," said a diplomat.
However, officials confirmed that James Jones, US national security adviser, has agreed in principle that French officers could take over Allied Command Transformation, a unit overseeing Nato doctrine based in -Norfolk, Virginia; and the alliance's command post in Lisbon, the headquarters of the Rapid Reaction Force.
The US and some of its Nato allies are now waiting to see what announcements Mr Sarkozy makes about France's plans at the Munich security conference this weekend.
According to one western diplomat, the issue of French reintegration into Nato will be among the issues to be discussed in Munich. "Sarkozy will have to say something and clarify what's happening. If France is to rejoin Nato fully this spring, he needs to set the stage for the formal announcement at Nato's 60th anniversary summit."
If the two commands in Virginia and Lisbon are -confirmed, they will fall short of the strategically important Nato southern command demanded by then president Jacques Chirac in his abortive attempt to reintegrate France fully into the alliance's command structure in the mid-1990s.
The deal may make it harder for Mr Sarkozy, the most pro-American French president in a generation, to fend off domestic criticism that he has failed to secure concessions from Washington on bolstering Europe's role in the alliance.
France started its return to the command structure several years ago and now has hundreds of officers working in Nato headquarters. But Mr Sarkozy was determined to complete the reintegration, arguing it had become an outdated symbol of French exceptionalism and source of distrust across the Atlantic.
He set two conditions for France's return - further progress in European -security and defence policy and a bigger role for Europe inside the alliance itself - but left the details vague enough for the criteria to be easy to fill.
Paris argues that big strides were made in European Union defence under France's EU presidency in the second half of 2008. -However, they fell short of Paris's long-standing objective of an autonomous operational military headquarters for the EU based in Brussels.
-------------------------------
Baltic Dry sees biggest one-day rise in 25 years
By Javier Blas
Published: February 5 2009 02:00 | Last updated: February 5 2009 02:00
The Baltic Dry index, the benchmark for freight costs for dry bulk commodities such as iron ore, coal and iron, yesterday jumped almost 15 per cent, the biggest daily increase in almost 25 years, on signs of a recovery in the raw materials trade.
Shipping brokers said that demand for the largest vessels, known as Capesizes, is slowly recovering as Chinese steelmakers buy more iron ore from Australia and Brazil after running down their ore inventories.
The Baltic Dry index rose 14.6 per cent to 1,316 points, the highest level in 3½ months. The index is still well below last year's all-time high of 11,793 points, but has recovered 98.5 per cent from its December 22-year low of 663 points.
Steve Rodley, at shipping hedge fund Global Maritime Investments in London, said the shipping market had bottomed after falling last year "too far, too hard", although he cautioned that it was still early to forecast a strong recovery. "We are off ground zero, but I don't think we are going to fly to the stratosphere any time soon."
Shipbrokers said that most of the Capesize vessels left anchored at ports from October until late December because of lack of demand were now back in the market shipping bulk commodities as consumption improved.
In the energy market, o i l prices were volatile after a larger rise than expected in US oil inventories. Downward pressure was offset by bullish comments from the Opec oil cartel about fresh supply cuts.
In late-afternoon trading in London, ICE March Brent rose 7 cents to $44.15 a barrel while Nymex March West Texas Intermediate rose 31 cents to $41.09 a barrel.
The US Department of Energy said that the country's oil stocks rose last week by a larger-thanexpected 7.2m to 346.1m barrels. Inventories at Cushing, Oklahoma, the delivery point of the Nymex oil contract, rose a further 800,000 barrels to an all-time high of 34.3m. The surge in Cushing inventories has broken the traditional relationship between WTI oil and other international and US crude oil benchmarks.
The oil market was also supported by news that Saudi Arabia, the world's largest oil exporter, had sharply raised its official selling prices to customers for March, hitting the US refineries particularly hard. The price of the kingdom's main oil grade Arab Light to US customers was set at a premium of $1 to the Nymex West Texas Intermediate price, the highest level in at least a decade, up from a discount of $2 this month.
Gasoline prices rose as US inventories rose just 300,000 barrels, half the market forecast. Nymex March RBOB gasoline was up 4.34 cents to $1.2104 a gallon.
Nymex March heating oil rose 1.19 cents to $1.3373 a gallon after inventories fell 1.4m barrels, against the market expectation of an increase of 600,000 barrels.
In other commodities markets, base and precious metals traded higher. Gold consolidated above $900 a troy ounce after UBS said the metal could average $1,000 an ounce this year as a result of strong demand. In London, spot gold rose to $906.05 an ounce from Tuesday's last quote of 901.60.
In agricultural markets, Thai medium-quality rice , the world's benchmark, rose to almost $600 a tonne, the highest level since October, after Egypt said it would extend a ban on rice exports.
The market had expected that Egypt, the world's ninth largest exporter of the grain, would lift the ban on April 1.
-----------------------------
Battle to preserve Hong Kong waterfront
By Tom Mitchell in Hong Kong
Published: February 4 2009 16:57 | Last updated: February 4 2009 16:57
Six of the 14 stations on Hong Kong’s Island underground railway line are named after bays or streams that no longer exist, obliterated decades ago by landfill projects that greatly diminished what had been one of the world’s most beautiful harbours.
An aircraft lands at Kai Tak airport days before it closed in 1998. A redevelopment plan opposed reclamation
The government’s original redevelopment plan for Kai Tak, the city’s former airport, threatened to eradicate Kowloon Bay, the last vestige of the once spacious Victoria Harbour.
But when a 12-year, HK$100bn ($12.9bn, €10bn, £8.9bn) blueprint for Kai Tak was finally released last month, environmental activists were pleasantly surprised to find that the Hong Kong government had taken a “zero reclamation option”.
“It is a major success – there will not be one square foot of reclamation,” says Winston Chu, a solicitor who has led the fight to preserve what remains of the harbour. “This is the last bay left.”
Mr Chu, who began his crusade in 1994 at the urging of his late mother, and his fellow campaigners owe much of their success to Hong Kong’s independent judiciary and the rule of law, tools not available to would-be citizen activists in other Chinese cities.
Mr Chu has won five of seven lawsuits against the government. Another victory was the protection of the harbour bill adopted on the eve of the former British colony’s return to Chinese sovereignty in 1997. It declared that the harbour “is to be protected and preserved as a special public asset and a natural heritage of Hong Kong people, and for that purpose there shall be a presumption against reclamation”.
Six years later, a legal test case set a high bar for proposed reclamations, saying they could proceed only if they met an “overriding public need”. One that did is a bypass expressway to be built on the controversial Central and Wanchai (Cantonese for “Little Bay”) reclamation, which is in full swing and will reshape the waterfront of Hong Kong’s main business district.
Carrie Lam, Hong Kong’s secretary for development, calls it “the final, final piece of reclamation – that’s it”.
“We respect the law,” Ms Lam says. “We should do much better on enhancing the waterfront because Victoria Harbour is such a natural asset . . . It’s also about respecting the history of the place.” Much of the damage to Hong Kong’s harbour was in fact done decades ago by British rulers trapped by huge development pressures in the cramped colony and their fiscal dependence on land sale revenues. Roughly half of Kowloon Bay was lost to reclamations completed by 1977; the new plan for Kai Tak will preserve the bay’s remaining 300 hectares.
Mr Chu jokes that Hong Kong’s former rulers, perhaps homesick for the Thames, set out to turn Victoria Harbour into Victoria river. He compares the government sanctioned erosion of the harbour that is the city’s raison d’être and gave it its name – “Hong Kong” is Cantonese for “fragrant harbour” – to the slow but steady mastications of a silk worm. “It’s only one small bite at a time – chomp, chomp, chomp – but then the leaf is gone,” he says.
While activists pledge to remain vigilant of future landfill encroachments, their focus is turning to the revitalisation of Hong Kong’s dispiriting waterfront. Public promenades are piecemeal and often truncated by industrial installations.
These waterfront wastelands contrast sharply with Hong Kong’s world class natural park system, which encompasses almost half the territory’s land area. When people seek solace and natural beauty, they head to the hills not the harbour.
“There’s no vision for what the harbour might look like one day,” says Margaret Brooke, who chairs the best practice committee at the Harbour Business Forum, a concern group backed by many of Hong Kong’s leading companies.
“Providing a [continuous] promenade is going to be a nightmare because you’ve got so much engineering stuff on the harbour . . . We just have to improve it inch by inch. It’s a dead economic asset at the moment.”
Ms Lam agrees: “We have tended to put a lot of functional things by the waterfront.” She says she maintains “an open mind” about the possible creation of a more powerful harbour authority. But she also defends the government’s current “bits and pieces” approach to harbour development, citing an HK$18m project to pedestrianise a 200-metre stretch along Kowloon Bay. “We don’t want to lose any opportunity to make improvements.”
-----------------------------
Greece rapped on asylum seekers
By Kerin Hope
Published: February 4 2009 02:00 | Last updated: February 4 2009 02:00
The Council of Europe's senior human rights official has criticised Greece over its policy towards asylum seekers amid a surge in arrivals of illegal immigrants from Iraq, Pakistan and Afghanistan.
A report by the council published today says there are "serious deficiencies" in Greek procedures for protecting asylum seekers and processing their applications. Thomas Hammerberg, the council's commissioner for human rights, told the Financial Times: "It's a very bad system. The Greek authorities have a responsibility to deal with the situation . . . but there is a lack of political will."
Greek authorities rejected the council's criticisms.
------------------------------
Iranian satellite launch alarms west
By FT reporters
Published: February 4 2009 02:00 | Last updated: February 4 2009 02:00
The US and its western allies expressed serious concern yesterday about Iran's growing mastery of ballistic missile technology after Tehran launched its first low-level satellite into space.
In a move that will raise worries in Israel and the west about Iran's nuclear ambitions, Tehran hailed the launch - designed to coincide with the 30th anniversary of the Iranian revolution - as a big step forward.
Western defence experts said the launchcould mark a new step in Iran acquiring reconnaissance and intelligence-gathering capability.
However, the US, Britain and France said their main concern was that Iran was acquiring technology that would allow it to project a long-range nuclear weapon, even if it insists it has no plans to do so.
A US state department official voiced "great concern" over the launch, saying Iran's work to put satellites into space could "possibly lead to the development of ballistic missiles".
Bill Rammell, a UK foreign office minister said: "We think this sends the wrong signal to the international community, which has already passed five United Nations Security Council resolutions on Iran's nuclear and ballistic missile -programmes."
The development came as world powers were preparing to hold substantive discussions today on how they will move forward to stop Iran's uranium enrichment plans - a programme that the US, Britain and France believe is aimed at developing a nuclear weapon.
Iran's satellite launch is the first display of its rocket technology since Barack Obama became US president last month. His administration is reviewing its Iran -policy and hoping to open a dialogue intended to convince Tehran to halt its nuclear programme.
Iran said the purpose of its satellite launch was purely peaceful. But at a time when it could be preparing for talks with the US, the launch might be intended to show that international pressure will not paralyse Iran.
Mark Fitzpatrick, an expert on Iranian military technology at the London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies, said Tehran had scored a notable breakthrough last November with the launch of the Sajjil missile.
"The Sajjil has a solid fuel engine which is easier to handle than a liquid fuel engine and can be fired with little notice."
Yesterday's launch "represents a further technological advance by Iran", he said. "Each test does advance them along the learning curve and improves the -reliability and accuracy of their missiles."
Mr Fitzpatrick said yesterday's launch was bound to concern western governments, given that Iran was pressing ahead with uranium enrichment plans.
Big announcements of breakthroughs by Iran are difficult to assess, given the limited information that is made available. State television said the satellite was designed to gather information and test equipment and that it would orbit the earth 14 times every 24 hours.
"It was another achievement of Iranian scientists under sanctions," said the broadcaster.
By James Blitz in London, Daniel Dombey in Washington and Roula Khalaf and Najmeh Bozorgmehr in Tehran
From Sina to Safir and beyond
October 27 2005 Iran launches its Sina-1 satellite from the Plesetsk launch pad in northern Russia. The satellite was launched from a Russian Cosmos 3M rocket as a joint project between Iran and Russia February 4 2008 Domestically made rocket launched as part of Iran's satellite programme, the Explorer 1. It said it needed two more similar tests before putting a domestically made satellite into orbit August 17 2008 Dummy satellite launched on a domestically made Safir satellite carrier for the first time. US officials said the attempted launch was a failure August 20 2008 Iran announces plans to send a manned rocket into space in the next 10 years
--------------------------------
Paris and Berlin could toughen Iran sanctions
By Chris Bryant in Berlin and Ben Hall in Paris
Published: February 4 2009 11:47 | Last updated: February 4 2009 11:47
Germany and France may consider further sanctions against Iran if it does not give up its nuclear programme, the leaders of both countries warned on Wednesday.
In a joint statement Angela Merkel, German chancellor and Nicholas Sarkozy, French president, welcomed the expected shift towards diplomacy and dialogue with Iran under Barack Obama, the new US president, but said they would support “new, very resolute sanctions if necessary” to contain the Iranian threat.
“We will not permit an Iranian nuclear bomb because this would threaten world peace,” the two leaders said in the article published in Le Monde and Sueddeutsche Zeitung.
The warning came as diplomats representing the “group of six” - the US, China, Russia, Britain, France and Germany - gathered near Frankfurt to discuss Iran.
These talks attained new importance this week after Tehran launched its first low-level satellite into space, raising fears about Iran’s growing mastery of ballistic missile technology. Iran maintains its nuclear programme is peaceful and intended only for civil energy use.
Mr Sarkozy and Ms Merkel will join a host of senior political and military officials at the Munich security conference on Saturday, where US vice president Joe Biden will lead a heavy-weight US delegation. Ali Larijani, Iranian parliamentary speaker and former nuclear negotiator, will also attend, although the two are not expected to meet.
Angela Merkel, German chancellor and Nicholas Sarkozy, French president, also appealed for improved cooperation between Nato and the European Union while confirming that a German military unit would be stationed on French soil for the first time since World War II.
France and Germany are the joint hosts of Nato’s 60th anniversary summit in April, Mr Sarkozy and Ms Merkel on Wednesday said they hoped would launch “a new strategic concept”.
The two leaders said they regretted that the strategic partnership between Nato and the EU was currently “not living up to our expectations, due to disagreements which persist between certain nations,” - a possible reference to Turkey’s blocking role in negotiations.
They appealed for the European Union to speak with a more united voice on security and foreign policy issues in order to act as a “stronger partner” for the US. “It is no longer possible for a single country to solve the world’s problems,” they said.
Meanwhile, Mr Sarkozy and Ms Merkel confirmed that a full German military unit is to be stationed on French soil for the first time since 1945.
The German troops will come from the Franco-German brigade, which was set up in 1989 as a symbol of reconciliation between the two countries and which until now has been stationed in south-western Germany. The Franco-German brigade is part of the Eurocorps, whose headquarters is in Strasbourg, eastern France. This is likely to be where the German troops are stationed.
Mr Sarkozy and Ms Merkel hailed "the historic significance of this new step in Franco-German friendship".
But there are also more prosaic reasons for the move. The French government wants to repatriate or even disband two of its regiments attached to the Franco-German brigade to save money and reduce overseas deployments.
But such a move - without a compensating symbolic gesture - would have been interpreted as another step in the unravelling of a Franco-German relationship which has been severely strained since Mr Sarkozy came to power in May 2007.
----------------------------
Abu Dhabi injects liquidity
By Robin Wigglesworth in Abu Dhabi
Published: February 4 2009 15:09 | Last updated: February 4 2009 15:09
Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates, said on Wednesday it will inject $4.3bn into five of its banks to shore up capital and help insulate the emirate’s banking system from further contagion from the global debt crisis.
Though bankers and analysts welcomed the move, many said the unilateral move by Abu Dhabi’s government raised questions over the coherence of federal efforts to bolster the country’s economy and financial sector, and risked exposing the banks of other emirates such as Dubai.
“It calls for a reciprocal measure from Dubai,” said Raj Madha, director of equity research at EFG-Hermes. “They were already under more strains than Abu Dhabi banks, so it is a surprise it wasn’t done on a federal level.”
The UAE initially seemed shielded from the credit crunch but tumbling oil prices and frozen debt markets have hit the wealthy Gulf state full force in recent months, particularly debt-straddled Dubai. Some analysts are concerned about a country-wide property price crash.
The UAE central bank has already made a Dh50bn credit facility available to all banks, while the federal finance ministry has guaranteed deposits and interbank lending. The ministry has also deposited about two thirds of a promised Dh70bn into banks across the UAE to prevent a full-scale withdrawal of lending.
The five Abu Dhabi-based banks will receive the capital injections in the form of non-voting, non-cumulative perpetual securities which pay 6 per cent in interest, and will immediately shore up the banks’ Tier 1 capital.
National Bank of Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi Commercial Bank, and First Gulf Bank will each receive Dh4bn ($1.1bn), while the smaller Abu Dhabi Islamic Bank and Union National Bank will receive Dh2bn each.
“By doing this they’ve drawn a line in the sand so far out that they should reassure even the most bearish investors,” said Zahed Chowdhury, regional head of research at Deutsche Bank. “This should allow them to operate even under an ultra-bearish environment.”
However, some bankers cautioned that while Abu Dhabi banks mostly enjoyed robust capital adequacy rates even before the injection, the move could be because of government concern over future losses.
“I don’t think that they did it because it would be a nice thing to do; I think they did it because it was necessary,” said a senior investment banker. “They are probably worried about losses on real estate down the line.”
Analysts said that Dubai should follow Abu Dhabi’s move, but questioned whether it had the available capital to do so without help from the UAE capital.
“Dubai is definitely going to come out with something,” a senior regional banker said. “Abu Dhabi is not going to let Dubai slide, but the price will be high.”
----------------------------
Kazakhstan devalues tenge by almost a fifth
By Isabel Gorst in Moscow
Published: February 5 2009 02:00 | Last updated: February 5 2009 02:00
Kazakhstan devalued the tenge by almost one-fifth yesterday in a move that it blamed on the sharp depreciation of the Russian rouble and falling oil prices.
The devaluation will increase the focus on other central Asian republics, which are economically highly interdependent and vulnerable to Russia's economic woes.
The Kazakh central bank set a new corridor for the tenge, saying the currency would be allowed to fluctuate by about 3 per cent around a level of 150 against the US dollar.
Yesterday the tenge tumbled to 149 against the dollar, a drop of more than 18 per cent from Tuesday's levels of 122-124 - the far end of the central bank's previous corridor of 117-123.
Grigory Marchenko, the chairman of the Kazakh central bank, pledged to support the tenge at the new level.
"We have reached a new market equilibrium level and we will defend it," he said.
Kazakhstan has used up $6bn (€4.6bn, £4.1bn) of its foreign exchange reserves since October defending the tenge, including $2.7bn in January alone.
Similar to Russia, Kazakhstan has been able to defend its currency using foreign exchange reserves built up during years of high demand for exports, but falling oil revenues and competitive pressure from cheaper Russian goods have forced the devaluation.
Energy-poor, central Asian countries have insufficient financial resources to support their currencies and are looking for international aid to survive the deepening crisis, providing Russia with an opportunity to strengthen its influence in the region.
Russia offered Kyrgyzstan $2bn in emergency aid this week and said it would exchange Kyrgyz debt for control of a torpedo plant that supplies the Russian navy.
Moscow yesterday denied that the aid package was tied to a Kyrgyz decision to shut a US military base on its territory.
Central Asian countries have been affected by a slump in remittance earnings as Russia and Kazakhstan lay off foreign construction labourers.
Meanwhile, Russia has pressed ahead with a strategy to assert control over central Asian gas, offering Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan higher prices for supplies. Uzbekistan has, in turn, increased the price it charges Kyrgyzstan and Tajikstan for gas, helping to exacerbate an energy crisis in both countries.
Last month, Tajikstan turned to the International Monetary Fund and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development after its currency fell by 7 per cent in the final quarter of 2008.
Ulrich Leuchtmann, currency strategist at Commerzbank, said that Kazakhstan was taking the opposite approach to the Russian central bank.
"They've chosen to devalue the tenge in one big step, thus reducing pressure on the currency, and costing far less in reserves. In that sense it's a very wise decision," he said.
Katya Malofeeva, chief economist at Renaissance Capital in Moscow, said the tenge should be able to hold its value within the new corridor without central bank intervention. However, uncertainties about world oil prices and exact dates when Kazakh banks will repay foreign obligations could change the picture.
------------------------------
Moscow abandons bail-outs in favour of bank aid
By Stefan Wagstyl in London and Catherine Belton in,Moscow
Published: February 5 2009 02:00 | Last updated: February 5 2009 02:00
Russia signalled a change in its policies to fight the financial crisis yesterday, indicating that it would switch from bailing out individual companies to supporting the economy through the banking sector.
Moscow also plans huge budget cuts in an attempt to limit its fiscal deficit - rejecting pressure to follow the US and other western countries to try to stimulate the economy with a big boost in public borrowing.
The proposals suggest that Moscow is losing hope it can stave off the crisis with public spending and is instead battening down the hatches for what might be a prolonged recession.
The plans also indicate that the authorities are not giving in to public demands for a quick-fix response and are ready to resist pressure for money from cash-strapped oligarchs.
The news came amid mounting economic gloom in Russia and eastern Europe, with Fitch, the rating agency downgrading Russian sovereign debt, the International Monetary Fund warning of serious difficulties in Ukraine, and currencies plunging from Poland to Kazakhstan.
Russia's planned policy change was revealed by Igor Shuvalov, the first deputy prime minister, who said the government was deliberately choosing to allow gross domestic product growth to fall to zero or below in 2009 to stabilise the economy and maintain foreign exchange reserves. Moscow was rejecting the advice of those economists who had suggested using the reserves to finance a budget deficit of 10 per cent of GDP to promote growth, Mr Shuvalov told investors at a closed-door meeting in Moscow.
According to those present, the deputy prime minister also said the state would invest "several percentage points of GDP" in strengthening the banking sector, covering "possible future losses" and supervising a consolidation plan that would see the number of banks cut from 1,100 to 500. Separately, Alexei Kudrin, the finance minister, confirmed during a visit to London that the state was preparing to inject $40bn (€31bn, £28bn) capital into banks provided that the money was channelled into the real economy. This would follow last year's Rbs960bn package of subordinated loans.
Mr Shuvalov made clear some key industrial companies would continue to get priority, headed by military enterprises, Gazprom, the gas monopoly, electricity groups and the state railways. This is a far more tightly focused target than the previously announced list of 295 industrial companies deemed worthy of financial support that included oligarch-led groups such as Rusal, the aluminium company, and Norilsk Nickel, the metal combine.
While more loans to oligarchs are not ruled out, they are no longer in favour. Mr Shuvalov suggested that the state should not have lent $4.5bn to Rusal, Oleg Deripaska's aluminium group, on the security of its 25 per cent stake in Norilsk Nickel, the metals company, when it was clear these shares were worth only $1.5bn.
In efforts to enhance its regional superpower role, Russia announced plans for a fund to support its exSoviet neighbours and other allies, which could total more than $10bn, including $3bn already pledged. It was agreed at a regional summit in Moscow hosted by president Dmitry Medvedev and attended by the leaders of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.
Meanwhile, Ukraine is having difficulties sticking to a reform plan agreed last year with the International Monetary Fund as part of its $16.5bn rescue package. A senior IMF official visiting Kiev warned of "serious problems" and concern over failure to implement loan conditions, including a social spending cuts and a zero-deficit budget.
-------------------------------
åå·å€§å°éã®æ ¡èåå£ ç¶æ¯ãããããã§åœå±ã®æŽå・æ±è·è¿œå (1/2ããŒãž)
2009.2.5 20:48
äžåœã®「ãã©ãã®æ¥」ã®ïŒæ¥、厩å£ããæ°å»ºå°åŠæ ¡ã§è¿œæŒéäŒãéãã、éºæãããããã®äžã§äº¡ããªã£ãåäŸãåŒã£ã＝åå·çéœæ±å °åž（）äžåœã®「ãã©ãã®æ¥」ã®ïŒæ¥、厩å£ããæ°å»ºå°åŠæ ¡ã§è¿œæŒéäŒãéãã、éºæãããããã®äžã§äº¡ããªã£ãåäŸãåŒã£ã＝åå·çéœæ±å °åž（）
【å京＝éå£æ±ç§】æšå¹ŽïŒæã®åå·å€§å°éã§åå£ããå€æ°ã®æ ¡èã®äžã€ã§ããéœ（ãš）æ±å °（ãããã）ã®æ°å»ºå°åŠæ ¡ã®ç¶æ¯ãé£åã§åºãããšãããå
¬éæžç°¡ããããäžã§å
¬è¡šããã。「ããããã¯ïŒïŒïŒäººã®å
ç«¥ã®ç¡å¿µãæŽãããã」ãšé¡ãããã®ã§、æ±è·ãèæ¯ã«ããææãå·¥äºã®è²¬ä»»ãè¿œåãããšãšãã«、åœå±ã«ããæŽå、è»çŠãªã©ãå
·äœçã«åæããŠãã。äžåœã§ã¯æ¿æ²»æš©åã«å¯ŸæããŠæ°äž»å、人暩å°éãæ±ããåããçžæ¬¡ãã§ãã、ä»åã®å
¬éæžç°¡ãããããæµãã«æ²¿ã£ããã®ãšããããã 。
å
¬éæžç°¡ãžã®åå è
ã®ååã¯「åœå±ã®å§åãåãã」ãšããŠéå
¬éã§、åå è
æ°ãäžæ。æžç°¡ã®èæ¡ã¯æšå¹ŽïŒïŒæããã«æžããããšãã、å
šæã¯ä»å¹ŽïŒæïŒïŒæ¥ãããããããã«æµããããã 。çŸåš、äžåœã§ã¯å
šæãé²èŠ§ã§ããªããªã£ãŠãã、äžåœåœå±ã«ããèŠå¶ãããããã。åå°ã§ã¯ïŒïŒïŒäººã®å
ç«¥ã®ãã¡åœå±çºè¡šã§ïŒïŒïŒäººãæ»äº¡、ïŒäººãè¡æ¹äžæãšãã。
æžç°¡ã¯「åäŸãã¡ã¯å
žåçãªææãå·¥äºã®è¢«å®³è
」ãšã、「ãªãæ ¡èã®åããã®ãã«ãåããæ ¡èãäžç¬ã§ç²ã
ã«ãªã£ãã®ã。é¿é£çšã®éè·¯ããµããããŠãã。ãããåŠæ ¡ã」ãšããäžã§、æ±ãªã©ã®åŒ·åºŠãäžè¶³ããŠãããšææããŠãã。
æžç°¡ã«ããã°、æšå¹ŽïŒæïŒæ¥ã«ã¯、åœå¶æ°è¯ç€Ÿéä¿¡èšè
ãåå£çŸå Žã§ç¶æ¯ãåæäž、ïŒïŒ～ïŒïŒäººã®èŠå®ãåèšè
ãšç¶æ¯ã殎æãã。åæïŒïŒæ¥ã«ã¯ç¶æ¯ããå°å
æ¿åºã«åããéäž、ïŒïŒïŒ～ïŒïŒïŒäººã®èŠå®ããããé»æ¢ã、ç¶æ¯ïŒïŒäººã殎æãããŠè² å·ãããšãã。
------------------------------
æ§ãœé£åïŒã«åœ、ååã®å³å¿éšéåµèšã§åæ ã«å¯Ÿæ
2009.2.5 21:12
【ã¢ã¹ã¯ã¯＝äœè€è²Žç】ãã·ã¢ãªã©æ§ãœé£ãæ§æããïŒã«åœã§çµç¹ãã「éå£å®å
šä¿éæ¡çŽæ©æ§」ã¯ïŒæ¥、ã¢ã¹ã¯ã¯ã§éŠè³äŒè°ãéã、ååã®å³å¿éšéãåµèšããããšã§åæãã。ãã·ã¢ã®ã¡ãã¹ãŒãžã§ã倧統é ã¯「éšéã¯ææ°ã®è£
åãæã、æœåšåã¯å倧西æŽæ¡çŽæ©æ§（）ã«ãå£ããªã」ãšè¿°ã¹、欧米ãžã®å¯Ÿææèãæ確ã«ç€ºãã。
åæ©æ§ã®å çåœã¯、ãã·ã¢、ãã©ã«ãŒã·、ã¢ã«ã¡ãã¢、ã«ã¶ãã¹ã¿ã³、ãŠãºããã¹ã¿ã³、ã¿ãžãã¹ã¿ã³、ãã«ã®ã¹。éä¿¡ã«ãããš、å³å¿éšéã¯ïŒäžäººèŠæš¡ã«ãªãèŠéãã 。æ£åŒãªçºè¶³ææãææ®ç³»çµ±、åºåã®å
·äœçãªæ¡ä»¶ãªã©ã®è©³çŽ°ã¯äžæ。
ããªããã³é²å€§çµ±é è£äœå®ã¯、ãã·ã¢ããåå ããèœäžåéšéãå³å¿éšéã®äž»åã«ãªããšã®èŠéãã瀺ããŠãã、è»äºé¢ããæ§ãœé£åã«å¯Ÿãã圱é¿åã匷ãããã·ã¢ã®çããããããã。
ãã 、éŠè³äŒè°çŽåã«ã¿ãžãã¹ã¿ã³ã®ã©ãã¢ã³å€§çµ±é ãåºåžã«é£è²ã瀺ããã»ã、ãŠãºããã¹ã¿ã³ã¯å³å¿éšéã«æä¹
çãªåå ã¯ããªãæ¹éãæã¡åºããªã©、å çè«žåœããã·ã¢ãäžå¿ã«äžæ岩ã§ãŸãšãŸã£ãŠãããšã¯èšããããã®ãå®æ
ã 。
----------------------------
ïŒå¯©ãèè
ãã«è³ ååœä»€ å京äºä»¶ç 究æžèšŽèš
2008.5.21 16:19
ãã®ãã¥ãŒã¹ã®ãããã¯ã¹：æ°äºèšŽèš
å京äºä»¶ã®ç 究æžã§、äºä»¶ã®è¢«å®³è
ãšã¯å¥äººãšææãããäžåœäººã®å€æ·çŽãã（ïŒïŒ）ã、èè
ã®æ±äžéä¿®é・äºçŽ°äºå€§åŠææ（ïŒïŒ）ãšåºçå
ã®å±è»¢ç€Ÿ（æ±äº¬éœ）ã«èšïŒïŒïŒïŒäžåã®æå®³è³ åãæ±ãã蚎èšã®æ§èšŽå¯©å€æ±ºãïŒïŒæ¥、æ±äº¬é«è£ã§ãã£ã。æ³ç°å¹žäžè£å€é·ã¯æ±äžéææãšå瀟ã«èšïŒïŒïŒäžåã®æ¯æããåœããïŒå¯©æ±äº¬å°è£å€æ±ºãæ¯æ、åæ¹ã®æ§èšŽãæ£åŽãã。
åé¡ãšãããç 究æžã¯「『å京è殺』ã®åŸ¹åºæ€èšŒ」。æ±äžéææã¯åæžã§、äºä»¶ã®çãæ®ããšäž»åŒµããŠããå€ããã「å¥äºº」ãšææ。å€ããã¯「åœè
æ±ããããŠåèªãå·ã€ãããã」ãšèšŽããŠãã。
æ³ç°è£å€é·ã¯、æ±äžéææãå·çã«åœãã£ãŠèª¿ã¹ãè±èªã®è³æã«ã€ããŠ、「æ±äžéææã®è§£éã¯äžåçã§åŠ¥åœãšã¯ãããªã」ãšææ、ïŒå¯©ã®「å€ãããå¥äººã ãšã¯ç«èšŒãããŠããªã」ãšããå€æãæ¯æãã。
---------------------
å京äºä»¶ç 究æžã§è³ å確å®
2009.2.5 22:05
å京äºä»¶ã®ç 究æžã§äºä»¶ã®è¢«å®³è
ãšã¯å¥äººãšææãã、åèªãå·ã€ãããããšããŠ、äžåœäººã®å€æ·çŽããã、èè
ã®æ±äžéä¿®é・äºçŽ°äºå€§åŠææãšåºçå
ã®å±è»¢ç€Ÿã«æå®³è³ åãæ±ãã蚎èšã§、æé«è£ç¬¬ïŒå°æ³å»·（æ¶äºçŽå€«è£å€é·）ã¯ïŒæ¥、ææãšå瀟ã®äžåãéãã決å®ããã。æ±äžéææãšå瀟ã«èšïŒïŒïŒäžåã®æ¯æããåœããïŒ、ïŒå¯©å€æ±ºã確å®ãã。
-----------------------------
çžç¶çšå
é€ä»ãç¡å©ååœåµ「æ
éã«è°è«」 財å次å®
2009.2.5 21:38
財åçã®ææ¬åè¡äºå次å®ã¯ïŒæ¥ã®èšè
äŒèŠã§、æ¯æ°å¯ŸçãšããŠèªæ°å
å
ãªã©ã§æµ®äžããŠããçžç¶çšå
é€æ¡ä»¶ä»ãã®ç¡å©ååœåµã«ã€ããŠ「課é¡ãå€ããã、æ
éã«æ€èšãã¹ãã 」ãšè¿°ã¹ã。
ææ¬äºå次å®ã¯、çžç¶çšå
é€æ¡ä»¶ä»ãç¡å©ååœåµã®「çºè¡äŸã¯è«žå€åœã§ãã»ãšãã©ãªã」ãšææ。ãã®ããã§çµæžæ¿çãšããŠã®ã¡ãªããã«é¢ããŠ「å
·äœçãªååèšèšãçºè¡æ¹æ³ãæããã§ãªã、å¹æãç³ãäžããã®ã¯é£ãã」ãšããŠåŠå®çãªèŠæ¹ã瀺ãã。
ãŸã、åœå®¶è²¡æ¿ã«ãšã£ãŠ、çžç¶çšã®çšåæžåãåœåµå©æãã®è² æ
軜æžåãäžåã£ãå Žåã«ã¯「ãã©ã¹ã«ãªãèŠçŽ ã¯ãªãã®ã§ã¯ãªãã」ãšææãã。
ãã 、çžç¶çšãå
é€ãã代ããã«å©åãã€ããªãåœåµãçºè¡ããããšã«å¯Ÿã、èªæ°å
å
ã«ã¯ååããªæ€èšãæ±ãã声ããã。ãŸã、åããæ¯æ°å¯ŸçãšããŠè°è«ã«ãªã£ãŠããæ¿åºçŽå¹£ããã「ç¡å©ååœåµã®æ¹ãå®çŸæ§ãé«ã」ãšã®å£°ãããã£ãŠãã。
---------------------------------
ãã€ãé、幎éèµ€åã«è»¢èœ æ°éæ倧æ æŠåŸåã®ïŒïŒïŒïŒåå
2009.2.5 21:38
ãã€ãã®æ°ééè¡æ倧æãã€ãéè¡ã¯ïŒæ¥、ïŒïŒïŒïŒå¹ŽïŒïŒææéæã®æçµæ倱ãïŒïŒåãŠãŒã（çŽïŒïŒïŒïŒåå）ã®èµ€åã«è»¢èœãããšçºè¡šãã。幎éã§ã®èµ€åã¯æŠåŸåããŠã§、éèå±æ©ã®æ·±å»åãææãšãªã£ã。ïŒïŒå¹Žã¯ïŒïŒåãŠãŒãã®éå»æé«ã®æçµå©çãèšäžããŠãã。
æ¥çžŸãå®å®ããŠãããšããããã€ãéè¡ã®èµ€å転èœã¯、欧å·ã®å€§æéèæ©é¢ã®è²¡åå
容ãå³ãããå¢ããŠããããšã瀺ãã。ãã€ããªã©æ¬§å·ååœæ¿åºã¯éèäžå®ã®è§£æ¶ã«åã、è¿œå çãªåžå Žå®å®åçãè¿«ããããã 。（ãã«ãªã³ å
±å）
-----------------------------
11:31 GMT, Thursday, 5 February 2009
Sweden aims to lift nuclear ban
Barseback power station, Sweden
The Swedish government plans to overturn a nearly 30-year-old decision to phase out nuclear power and lift a ban on building new reactors.
The centre-right government says it wants to allow for new reactors to replace 10 still in operation.
The decision still needs to be approved by parliament. The plan will not receive state funding.
In a 1980 referendum, Swedes voted to phase out nuclear power. But since then only two of 12 reactors have closed.
Leaders of the coalition government say new reactors are needed to help combat climate change and secure the nation's energy supply.
Phase-out 'abolished'
"The phase-out law will be abolished. The ban in the nuclear technology law on new construction will also be abolished," the government said in a statement.
"Authorisations can be granted to successively replace the existing reactors once they reach the end of their economic life spans."
It added: "Swedish electricity production currently stands on only two legs - hydro power and nuclear power. The climate issue is now in the spotlight and nuclear power will therefore remain an important part of Swedish electricity production in the foreseeable future."
The government said no state money would be provided for nuclear projects.
"I am doing this for the sake of my children and grandchildren"
Maud Olofsson, Centre Party leader
It also called for renewable energies, such as wind power, to be increased to reduce Sweden's vulnerability.
Analysts say public support for nuclear energy in Sweden has grown amid concerns over climate change and the reliability of foreign energy suppliers.
Sweden's 10 reactors supply about 50% of the country's electricity.
If the plan is approved by parliament, Sweden would join a growing list of countries rethinking nuclear power as a source of reliable energy.
Britain, France and Poland are planning new reactors and Finland is currently building Europe's first new atomic plant in over a decade.
The agreement followed a compromise by the Centre Party, a coalition member which has been sceptical towards nuclear power.
"I am doing this for the sake of my children and grandchildren," said Centre Party leader Maud Olofsson said.
"I can live with the fact that nuclear power will be part of our electricity supply system in the foreseeable future."
----------------------------
11:15 GMT, Thursday, 5 February 2009
Vitamin D helps control MS genes
Vitamin supplements
The first evidence of how vitamin D deficiency and genetics interact to increase the risk of multiple sclerosis（å€çºæ§ç¡¬åç） has been reported by researchers.
A UK and Canadian team found that vitamin D helps to control a gene known to increase MS risk, the PLoS Genetics journal reports.
It suggests that vitamin D supplements taken during pregnancy and early in life could prevent the disease.
More than 85,000 people in the UK are thought to suffer from MS.
The condition, results from the loss of nerve fibres and their protective myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord, causing neurological damage.
"Our study implies that taking vitamin D supplements during pregnancy and the early years may reduce the risk of a child developing MS in later life"
Dr Sreeram Ramagopalan, study leader
It is not entirely clear what causes MS but other research has suggested vitamin D, produced in the body through exposure to sunlight plays a part.
Specifically there is evidence that populations from Northern Europe have an increased risk of developing MS if they live in areas receiving less sunshine.
Various pieces of research have also pointed to genetic causes.
In the latest study, a researchers at the University of Oxford and University of British Columbia looked at a section of the genome on chromosome six which had been shown to have the strongest effect on MS risk.
Whilst one in 1,000 people in the UK are likely to develop MS, this number rises to around one in 300 amongst those carrying a single copy of the gene variant - known as DRB1*1501 - and one in 100 of those carrying two copies.
The researchers found that proteins activated by vitamin D in the body bind to a particular DNA sequence next to the gene, altering its function.
They believe that vitamin D deficiency in mothers or even in a previous generation may lead to altered expression of the gene in their offspring.
Immune system
Exactly how the gene-environment interaction alters MS risk is yet to be determined one explanation could be an effect on the thymus - a part of the immune system which produces T cells to attack invaders such as bacteria and viruses.
It is thought that in people who carry the gene variant, a lack of vitamin D during early life might impair the ability of the thymus to delete rogue T cells, which then go on to attack the body, leading to a loss of myelin on the nerve fibres.
Co-author, Professor George Ebers, from the Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, at the University of Oxford, said it had been known for a long time that genes and the environment determine MS risk.
"Here we show that the main environmental risk candidate - vitamin D - and the main gene region are directly linked and interact."
Study leader, Dr Sreeram Ramagopalan, added: "Our study implies that taking vitamin D supplements during pregnancy and the early years may reduce the risk of a child developing MS in later life."
Simon Gillespie, chief executive of the MS Society, said: "These remarkable results tie together leading theories about the environment, genes and MS but they are only part of the jigsaw.
"This discovery opens up new avenues of MS research and future experiments will help put the pieces together."
The government already advises that pregnant and breastfeeding women make sure they get enough vitamin D, taking supplements if necessary.
And it is also recommended that children under five take daily vitamin D supplements.
-------------------------------
éæ、ã€ã³ãã§æè³éæ¥å
éæããŒã«ãã£ã³ã°ã¹ã¯5æ¥、ã€ã³ãã§æè³éè¡æ¥åãšæ ªåŒå£²è²·æ¥åãå§ãããšæ£åŒçºè¡šãã。5æ¥ãŸã§ã«æè³éæ¥åãžã®åå
¥ã«å¿
èŠãª「ããŒãã£ã³ã・ãã³ãã³ã°å
èš±」ãš、ãã·ã§ãã«・ã ã³ãã€äž¡èšŒåžååŒæã®äŒå¡æš©ãã€ã³ãéèåœå±ããååŸ。ã€ã³ãäŒæ¥åãã«ïŒ＆（å䜵・è²·å）å©èšãªã©ã®ãµãŒãã¹ãæäŸããã»ã、äžçã®æ©é¢æè³å®¶ã«ã€ã³ãæ ªã®å£²è²·ãåã次ãã§ãã。
-------------------------
ãããœããã¯、æ æš・æ°æœå·¥å Žãéé
ãããœããã¯ã¯5æ¥、ãªãã£ã¹åãã®ããžã¿ã«è€åæ©ããã¡ã¯ã¹ãéçº・çç£ããåœå
2å·¥å Žã6æã«ééãããšçºè¡šãã。æ æšçãšæ°æœçã®å·¥å Žã察象ã§、èš850人匷ã®åŸæ¥å¡ã«ã€ããŠã¯åžæè
å
šå¡ãäœè³çãçŠå²¡çã®æ ç¹ã«ç°åããã。éçº・çç£æ©èœãä»å·¥å Žã«ç§»ç®¡ãããã©ããã¯æªå®ãšãã。å瀟ã¯2009 幎床æ«ãŸã§ã«å
å€50ã«æååŸã®çç£æ ç¹ãééããæ¹éãæã¡åºããŠãã。
éä¿¡・äºåæ©åšåäŒç€Ÿã®ãããœããã¯ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ãº（çŠå²¡åž）ã®å®éœå®®äºæ¥å Ž（å®éœå®®åž）ãšæ°æœäºæ¥å Ž（æ°æœçå°åè°·åž）ãééãã。åŸæ¥å¡ã¯ã³ãŒãã¬ã¹é»è©±ãªã©ãçç£ããäœè³äºæ¥å Ž（äœè³çé³¥æ åž）ãçŠå²¡åžã«ããååäŒç€Ÿã®æ¬ç€Ÿã«é
眮転æãã。転å€ã§ããªãåŸæ¥å¡ã¯æ©æéè·å¶åºŠãªã©ã§å¯Ÿå¿ãã。(21:10)
----------------------------
ãšããšã«ãã®ã¢ã¬ã«ã®ãŒç©è³ª、åããŠæ€åº ããŠã¹é£åãæ°æè¡
ããŠã¹é£åã¯、ãšããšã«ãã«ç±æ¥ããé£ç©ã¢ã¬ã«ã®ãŒã®åå ç©è³ªãåºå¥ããŠæ€åºããæ°ããæè¡ãéçºãã。ãšããšã«ãã¯、å å·¥é£åã§ã®åææ衚瀺ã矩åä»ããããŠããã、åŸæ¥ã®æè¡ã§ã¯2ã€ãåããããšãã§ããªãã£ã。ã©ã¡ããäžæ¹ã«ããã¢ã¬ã«ã®ãŒããªã人ã«åã、é©åã«è¡šç€ºã§ããããã«ãªããšããŠ、æ€æ»æ©åšã¡ãŒã«ãŒãªã©ã«æè¡ãã©ã€ã»ã³ã¹äŸäžããŠããæ¹éã 。
ãšããšã«ãã¯、é£åè¡çæ³ã«åºã¥ããŠ2008幎ãã衚瀺ã矩åä»ããã、äŒæ¥ã¯2010幎6æãŸã§ã«å®æœããããæ±ããããŠãã。(21:10)
-------------------------------
ã³ã¹ã¢ç³æ²¹、ä»ææçµèµ€å920åå äžè»¢èµ€åã«è»¢èœ
ã³ã¹ã¢ç³æ²¹ã¯ïŒæ¥、2009幎ïŒææã®é£çµæ¥çžŸèŠéããäžæ¹ä¿®æ£ãã。æçµæçã¯920ååã®èµ€å（åæã¯351ååã®é»å）ã«ãªãèŠéã。åŸæ¥äºæ³ã® 190ååã®é»åããäžè»¢、èµ€åã«è»¢èœãã。åæ²¹ãé«å€ã®æã«ä»å
¥ããåšåº«ã売äžå䟡ãæŒãäžã、å©çãå§è¿«ãã。売äžé«ã¯åææ¯ïŒ％æžã®ïŒå
3700ååãš、åŸæ¥äºæ³ã6600ååäžåã。åæ²¹äŸ¡æ Œäžèœã«äŒŽãç³æ²¹è£œåã®è²©å£²å䟡ã®äžèœãé¿ã。çµåžžæçã¯1210ååã®èµ€å（åŸæ¥äºæ³ã¯750ååã®é»å）。
åæã«çºè¡šãã2008å¹ŽïŒ―12ææã®é£çµæ±ºç®ã¯、æçµæçã820ååã®èµ€å（å幎åæã¯336ååã®é»å）ã ã£ã。(16:54)
------------------------------
è³ç£ïŒïŒååã¢ãæè³å®¶、ïŒæ¥ïŒé£ã³ã³ããåŒåœã ã£ã
ïŒæéç¡ç 、ãµããªã§æ é€è£çµŠ
ç¥çãªã§ãŠ（ã¯ãªãã¯ã§æ¡å€§）
ç·è³ç£ïŒïŒåå以äž、ãå
çã£æ、ã©ãåºã®æ¥æ¬çµæžã「ãã£ã³ã¹ã«æº¢ããããããç¶æ³」ãšèšã£ãŠã®ããæè³å®¶・ç¥çãªã§ãŠæ°（ïŒïŒ）。èŠããã¯é髪ããã«ãŒã ã、「ïŒæ¥ã§ãµã©ãªãŒãã³ã®å¹Žåã皌ãåºãç·」ã®æ°ã«ãªã“ç°åžžãªå¥åº·ç掻”ãã®ããã。
【ïŒæ¥ïŒé£ã³ã³ããåŒåœ】
æè³å
ãªã©é¢é£ããäŒç€Ÿã¯ïŒïŒç€Ÿä»¥äž。åæ°åã®éãæãïŒïŒä»£æè³å®¶ãšããŠãã¬ãã«ãåºæŒããŠããç¥çæ°ã ã、é£äºã¯ã³ã³ããåŒåœãã»ãšãã©。ãããïŒæ¥ïŒé£ãšé©ã㮓ç²é£”。
「ã§ã颚éªãã»ãšãã©ã²ããªãã、倧ããªç
æ°ã¯ããããšããªã。å幎ã«äžåºŠ、å¥åº·èšºæãåããŠãŸããåé¡ã¯ãªã。ïŒé£ã¯ã ãããå€äžã®ïŒ、ïŒæãããã«é£ã¹ã。äžåŠããã§ãããã、æ
£ããŸãã」
äžåŠçã®æ、æ¯èŠªãåãã«åºãããã«ãªã£ã。å€é£ä»£ã«çœ®ããŠãã£ãŠãããïŒïŒïŒïŒåãé£ã¹ãã«ããã¥ããã«ãããã貯éãããã¡ã«ïŒé£ç掻ã«。「ãéã®ããã«é£ã¹ãªãã£ã」å°å¹Žæ代、ä»ã¯「ãéãåããããã«é£ã¹ãªã」。
「人éãæããšãã«ã®ãŒã䜿ãã®ãæ¶å掻å。ã ããæŒéåããŠããæã«æ¶åã§ãšãã«ã®ãŒã䜿ããããªããã§ã」
ããã«é©ããããšã«、å¯ãã®ã¯æãæ¹ã§çžå ŽãéãïŒæã«èµ·åº。ç¡ç ã¯ïŒæ¥ãããïŒæé。
「ïŒæéç¡ç ã§ãå¥åº·ã§ããããããã«、ãšè©Šãããµããªã¯ïŒïŒïŒçš®é¡ä»¥äž。æ¯æ¥ïŒïŒçš®é¡è¿ã飲ãã§ãŸã。å¥åº·ã«ã¯éåžžã«èå³ããã。å¥åº·ã«ãªãã°、åãïŒæéã§åã®ä»äºãã§ããããã«ãªããããªãã§ãã」
【ä»äºåœ】
ïŒåïŒç§、å€åããçžå Ž。ãã®åããèŠéããªãããé£äº、ç¡ç ãç¯å¶ããŠããããã§ã¯ãªã。
「å、æ°èãèªãã ããšãªããã§ã。ããããœã³ã³ãäœå°ã䞊ã¹ãŠåå
æäžæ
å ±ã«å²ãŸããŠãã人ãããŸãã、ããããæè³ã¹ã¿ã€ã«ã¯åã«ã¯åããŠãªã。ç²ããã ã」
「æè³＝æ°åŠ×å¿çåŠ」。å€åãã«åœ±é¿ãããã®ã§ã¯ãªã、çžå Žã®å¿çç¶æ
ãèªã。ïŒïŒæ³ã®æ、ãããŒã・ããšãµãã®æ¬「éæã¡ç¶ãã貧ä¹ç¶ãã」ã«åºåãæè³å®¶ãå¿ããç¥çæ°、æžåºã«éãïŒïŒïŒå以äžã®æ¬ãèªã¿ãããäžã§ç¬èªã®æè³æ³ã確ç«ãã。
「æè³å®¶ã¯ïŒåïŒæã§åå。ã€ãããŒããã、ïŒå²ã§ãããããã¿ãŒã§ã。ããã、ãªãå©çãåºãã。ïŒååã£ãæã«å€§ããå©çãåºã、ïŒåãå°ããè² ãã。è² ãã¯é£ãã。æåããããã«æ©ãã§ããã。èªåãšã®éã。å¿çåŠã倧ãããããã£ãŠãããããªãã§ã」
【éæã¡ããã«ãŒ】
äžæ³ãã©ãå¹ã颚、ã ã、ä»å¹Žã¯æè³å®¶æŽ»åãèªç²ãããšãã。
「ãéãæã«ããŠå€ãã£ãããšã¯éžæè¢ãå¢ããããš。ã©ãŒã¡ã³åºè¡ã£ãŠããããã³ã°ãé Œããªãã£ãã®ã、é Œããããã«ãªã£ããšã。ã§ããéãæã£ãã幞ãã«ãªã、ã¯å。èªåãå¿ããããããããšããããªããšå¹žãã«ãªããªã。åã¯ãéã®é¢ã§ã¯æåããã、å¿ã®äžã«ã¯ç©è¶³ããªãããã£ã。ããã¯äœãªã®ã、æ¢ããŠãã」
念é¡ã®ããã¯ãã³ããçµæ、ãã®ïŒæã«ããã¥ãŒããããã 。「ããã、ãããªããæ©ãã æ、絶察ã«ãããéžã¶、ãåã®ã«ãŒã«。倱æãäœå¹ŽåŸãã«ã¯çµ¶å¯Ÿã«ããçµéšã«ãªã£ãŠããã¯ãã§ãããã」。ç¬é¡ã¯“倢ã¿ãããã«ãŒ”ã ã£ã。
-------------------------------
å士ã«é埳æ±ãã㪅è¥éºéºã®éè·éã«è³åããã¯ã±
é«é åºä» 人ãããã®æ¥µæ
è¥éºéºã®å€§éº»äºä»¶ã§äžéã¯å€§éšãã ã…（ã¯ãªãã¯ã§æ¡å€§）
è¥éºéºã®å€§éº»äºä»¶ã§äžéã¯å€§éšãã ã…（ã¯ãªãã¯ã§æ¡å€§）
「çŸç¬åæãããçããŠããã、ä»ã®çžæ²çã®æšç¶ã«ã€ããŠã©ãããå
·åã«èª¬æããã®ã ããã？」ãš、ïŒææ«、çŸç¬ããã®ïŒåšå¿ãéãããæµ
è・éŸæ³å¯ºã®å¢å
ã§、ãµãšèãã。
“ã®æªäºº”ãšæ©å¹Ž、äžéããåŒã°ããçŸç¬ããã¯、ç·åæ Œéæã®ã¿ãªãã、çžæ²ã«ã€ããŠã®åèã¯æ¥æ¬äžã ã£ã。
äºå®、ç«æ倧åŠæ代ã¯çžæ²éšã«æå±ã、ãã€ãã£ãŒã³ã®ãã、å士ã«ãªãããšããæã«ã¯åéå±±ãã「åã¡ãã、ããããããã«ãªãã®ã¯ãæ¢ããªãã」ãšè«ãã、åäŸããã®ç¥äººã®çŸåœ¹è±åœ¢å士ã®æ±å¯å£«ãã«ãå察ãã、è§çå
¥ããæ念ãã。
ããŠ、ä»æ、海倓é亡”ããããã·ã¢äººå
å士、è¥ã鵬ãšä»å、倧麻åç· æ³éå容çã§é®æãããå
è¥éºéº＝æ¬å・éŽå·çäžå®¹çè
（ïŒïŒ）＝ã®ããšã§ãã。
äž¡è
ãšãã«「解é」ã§ãããã、ããããã«çŽïŒïŒïŒäžå㮓é€å¥”ã、èŠå®ã«ããçžæ²åäŒããæ¯æããã。「解éã§ã¯ãªã“é€å”ã«ããŠ、éã¯æ¯æã㪅」ãšã°ããã«、管èœã®æç§çžãŸã§ç»å ŽããŠ、åŠåå
容ã«ã€ããŠçŸå®¶äºé³Ž！！ ãã€ã®éã«ãã、暪綱æééŸã®“åæ Œåé¡（？）”ãšãããã«ã€ã®å€！！
誰ããºããªãšæ¬é³ãèšããªãã®ã§、ãããŠæžã。
ææ²»æ代ã®「æ髪什」ã«éãã£ãŠãã§ã³ãã²ãçµãç¶ã、ä»ã§ã¯ïŒŽããã¯ãšåŒã°ãããµãã©ãäžäžã§è£žäœãšå°»ãå俵ã®äžã§ãããç¶ã、ã¡ã¿ãããŒã ã«ãéãã£ãŠãŸãã«æŽé£²æŽé£ããç¶ã、äžå¥åº·ãã®ãã®ã®è¥æºäœã§ã²ãã«ãã¡ãŒãžãåãããŸãŸ、åã§åºããããå俵ãšããã¹ããŒãžã§å¹ŽïŒåã®æ¬å Žæãšå°æ¹å·¡æ¥ãç¶ããŠããè§çãšå士ã«、ããŸããäžéç㪓é埳”ãš“å«ç”ãš“åžžè”、ãã㊓åæ Œ”ãæ±ããŠã©ãããã®ã！！
ç§ã«èšãããã°、å士ã«ã¯å士ã®æ²æ³ããã、ãã®ç¬¬ïŒæ¡ã¯「ç§ã®å¯¿åœã¯èäœçã«çã…」ã§ãã。åŸã£ãŠ、å士ãšã¯、ç©ççã«å¹é£ã«çããè·æ¥ãªã®ã§ãã。
ã ãã、éšå±å¥ã«å士ã¯å²ãæ¯ãã、芪æ¹ãš“芪åã®å¥ã”ãçµã³、äžå»（ã²ãšãšã）、家æãšãªã、ãããããªã“çµèº«éçš”ã倢èŠãã®ã 。
äœããã«ã€ã ãããšããã®ïŒïŒæ³ã®åäŸã、ãã®èäœãè³ã、å俵ã®äžã«åãŸã£ãŠããããºã®“é”ãæ±ã、ãã£ãïŒïŒå¹Žéã ãã®åè² ã«æã。
ç°çžã®è¥è
ã裞äœãã¶ã€ãåã姿ã、äžéã¯èªå®
ãåœæ通ãªã©ã§ãè¶ãé
ã飲ã¿ã€ã€å€§å£ãéããŠç¬ããªãã、ãã®èè¡ã楜ããæ§å³ã¯「èŠäžç©」ã®ç©¶æ¥µ。
ç°çžãš“ç°ç”ã®ãšã³ã¿ãŒãã€ã³ã¡ã³ãã«å€åœäººå士ãåå ãããš、ãããããŸã«é
èããã¶ãåºãã、å°ãã ãå°æ¥ãèããå¯æ¥ã«ãŸã§äžéã¯è¶ã
ãå
¥ãåºãããããŸ。
ãã§ã³ãã²・ãµãã©ã姿ã®å士ã¯、æ¥æ¬äººã«ãã£ãŠåµåºãã“çŸä»£æ¥æ¬äººã®“ãããã¢ã³”ãã®ãã®ãªã®ã ！！ ãããŠè§çã¯ãšãã©ã³ãŒã§ããã。ãããŠå士ã¯、äžéçã«ã¯ããããªã“æ²»å€æ³æš©ã®äžç”ã§çããŠãã…。
ã ãããã、å士ã«äžéçãªé埳ãšå«çãšåžžè、åæ Œãæ±ããŠã¯ãããªãã®ã 。ãã 究極ã®ãšã³ã¿ãŒãã€ã³ã¡ã³ããšããŠæ¥œããã°ããã®ã 。
è¥ã鵬ãšè¥éºéºã«æ¯æãããïŒïŒïŒäžåããŸãã®éã¯、楜ããã ãã®åŸ¡ç€ŒãšããŠèããã°、å®ãã¢ã³ãããããŸããã！！（åºçãããã¥ãŒãµãŒ）
------------------------------------
æ±å¯º：ä»åç飅平å®åŸæã®äžåæçç«å æšå¹ŽïŒïŒæ
äžçéºç£ã«ç»é²ãããŠããæ±å¯º（京éœåžååº）ã®æ¯æ²éå （ã³ããããã©ã）ã§æšå¹ŽïŒïŒæ、å¹³å®æ代åŸæã®äœãšã¿ãããäžåæçç«åãçãŸããŠããããšãåãã£ã。æå財ã«ã¯æå®ãããŠããªã。è€æ°ã®ãããªã«ã¡ã©æ åã«、çœãåžã«å·»ãããä»åãããç©ãæã¡å»ãç·ã®å§¿ãæ ã£ãŠãã、京éœåºèŠå眲ãçªç容çã§ææ»ããŠãã。
æ±å¯ºãå眲ã«ãããš、ç«åã¯é«ãçŽïŒïŒïŒã»ã³ãã®ãããã®äžæ¬åœ«ã。ïŒïŒæïŒæ¥ååŸïŒæãã、èŠåãã®å§äŸ¶ãçé£è¢«å®³ã«æ°ä»ãã。ç·ãæ ã£ãŠããã®ã¯çŽïŒæéåã§、åžœåãšãã¹ã¯ãççšã、äœåœ¢ã¯å°å€ªã。ãã®æ¥、æ±å¯ºã¯éªšè£（ãã£ãšã）åžã§ã«ããã£ãŠãã、ãå ã«éµã¯æãã£ãŠããªãã£ã。
京éœåžå
ã§ã¯ä»åãªã©ã®çé£ãç¶ããŠãã、▽足å©å°è»å®¶è©æ寺（ãŒã ãã）ã®çæé¢（ååº）ã§æšå¹ŽïŒæ、æ±æžæ代åæã®è¶³å©å°æ°åã®å·ŠæéŠ▽é跡寺é¢ã®æ¯æ²éå （å±±ç§åº）ã§åïŒïŒæ、éåæ代åæã®æ¯æ²é倩å▽建ä»å¯º（æ±å±±åº）ã§å
æ、æ±æžæ代åæã®åäžé¢èŠ³é³åº§åã被害ã«éã£ã。ããããæå財æå®ã¯åããŠããªã。
--------------------------------
ã¢ããŠããª：ããïŒïŒçŸœãå°ç¬ å諞島・è島ã«ç§»é ç°å¢ç
ç°å¢çã¯ïŒæ¥、åœã®ç¹å¥å€©ç¶èšå¿µç©ã¢ããŠããªã®ããïŒïŒçŸœã、ç¹æ®å°ã®äŒè±è«žå³¶・鳥島ããå°ç¬ å諞島ã®è島（ããããŸ）ã«ç§»éãããšçºè¡šãã。ç«å±±åŽç«ã«ãã絶æ»
ãåé¿ããããã§、「移äœäœæŠ」ã¯æšå¹Žã«ç¶ãïŒåç®。è島ããå·£ç«ã£ãé³¥ãæ»ã、å¶å·£å°ãšããŠå®çããæåŸ
ãé«ãŸã。
移äœäœæŠã¯å±±éé³¥é¡ç 究æ（åèçæå«ååž）ãç°å¢çãç±³åœéé¡éççç©å±ãšå
±åã§å®æœããŠãã。ãã®æ¥ã¯、ç 究æã®ç 究å¡ãã鳥島ã§æç²ãããµååŸçŽïŒïŒæ¥ã®ãããããªã³ãã¿ãŒã§åã«çŽïŒïŒïŒããé¢ããè島ã«ç§»é。ããã¯åæ¥ååŸ、è島ã§ç¡äºæŸé³¥ããã。æšå¹Žã¯ãµååŸçŽïŒïŒæ¥ã§ç§»éããã、ããè¥ãæ¹ã移éå
ã「æ
é·」ãšèªèãããããã、ä»å¹Žã¯ææãæ©ãã。
ããã¯ïŒæäžæ¬ãŸã§ç 究å¡ã人工飌è²ãã。ïŒçŸœçšåºŠã«çºä¿¡åšãã€ããŠ、å·£ç«ã¡åŸã®è¡åã远跡ããäºå®。æ©ããã°ïŒå¹ŽåŸã«ã¯è島ã«æ»ã、å¶å·£ããå¯èœæ§ããããšãã。
-----------------------------
ãªãªãšã³ã¿ã«ã©ã³ã、æé«çèŠéã å
¥åè
、éå»æé«ã«
2009幎2æ5æ¥18æ56å
「æ±äº¬ãã£ãºããŒãªãŸãŒã」ãéå¶ãããªãªãšã³ã¿ã«ã©ã³ãã¯ïŒæ¥、ïŒïŒå¹ŽïŒææã®é£çµæ¥çžŸäºæ³ãåŒãäžãããšçºè¡šãã。売äžé«ãšçŽå©çããããŸã§ã§æé«ã«ãªãèŠéããšãã。éåïŒïŒåšå¹Žèšå¿µã€ãã³ãã®å¹æã«å ã、ç¯çŽã®ããæµ·å€æ
è¡ãªã©ãæ§ãã人ã®æ¥åãå¢ããããã 。
売äžé«ã¯ïŒïŒææç¹ã®äºæ³ããïŒïŒïŒååå€ãïŒïŒïŒïŒåå、çŽå©çã¯ïŒïŒååå€ãïŒïŒïŒååãèŠèŸŒã。ä»æã¯æ°ãããµãŒã«ã¹åå Žãããã«ããªãŒãã³。å
¥åè
æ°ã¯ïŒïŒïŒïŒäžäººã«éã、éå»æé«ã®ïŒïŒå¹ŽåºŠã®ïŒïŒïŒïŒäžäººãäžåãèŠéãã 。å
¥åè
ïŒäººãããã®å£²ãäžã（ãã±ãã代å«ã）ãå幎ããïŒïŒïŒåå€ãïŒïŒïŒïŒåã«ãªããšã¿ãŠãã。
æ±äº¬ãã£ãºããŒã¯ããã«åŽ©å£åŸãå
¥åè
æ°ã䌞ã°ã、äžæ³ã«åŒ·ãããŒãããŒã¯ãšããããŠãã。ã ã、æ°å¹ŽåºŠã«ã€ããŠã¯「ïŒïŒïŒå¹Žã«ïŒåºŠãšããããäžæ³ã®åœ±é¿ã¯ãããã«åããã ãã」（åºå ±）ãšæ
éã«ã¿ãŠãã。
---------------------------
倧西å§å¡ å°¿æ€æ»å®æœã®åæ¡ãæåº
æ¥æ¬çžæ²åäŒã®åçºé²æ¢æ€èšå§å¡äŒã®å€§è¥¿ç¥¥å¹³å§å¡（æ¥æ¬åããŒãã³ã°æ©æ§å°éå§å¡）ãæ±äº¬・äž¡åœåœæ通ã蚪ã、å
šåäŒå¡ã察象ãšããæãæã¡ã®å°¿æ€æ»ã«é¢ããåæ¡ãæåºãã。ïŒïŒæ¥ã®çäºäŒã§æ¿èªãããã°、ç¿ïŒïŒæ¥ããå®æœãå¯èœãšãªã。倧西æ°ã¯「è¬ç©ä¹±çšé²æ¢ãšå€§éº»åãç· ãŸããç®ç。ã¹ããŒãæãæã£ãŠãã£ãŠãã。å士ã倧éªã«ä¹ã蟌ãã§ããã§ã¯ã§ããŸãããã」ãšæ©æã®å®æœãç±æ。æšå¹ŽïŒæã«è¡ãããå°¿æ€æ»ãšæŽåæ§ãåããããã、ç°¡ææ€æ»ã§éœæ§åå¿ã瀺ãããå³è§£éãšãªã。
------------------------------
åäŒ、28æ¥ã«ã倧麻æ€æ»！æ€æ»ã«ãŒã«åæ¡äœæ
æ¥æ¬çžæ²åäŒã¯ïŒæ¥、è¬ç©ä¹±çšå¯Ÿçã®æãæã¡å°¿æ€æ»å®æœãžåããæ€æ»ã«ãŒã«ã®åæ¡ãäœæãã。äŒå¢ãæµ·çäº（å
é¢èè€ãå·）、å綱çäº（å
é¢èéèŒ）、ã¢ã³ã・ããŒãã³ã°å§å¡äŒã®å€§è¥¿ç¥¥å¹³å§å¡ãäž¡åœåœæ通ã§è©±ãåã£ãŠãŸãšãã。
åäŒå
ã§è°è«ãéã、ïŒïŒæ¥ã®çäºäŒã§ã®æ¿èªãç®æã。倧西å§å¡ã¯「倧éªã«è¡ããŸã§ã«ã¯（æ€æ»ã）ãããã。ïŒïŒæ¥ã«èªããããã°ïŒïŒæ¥ãã（æ€æ»ã）ã§ããŸã」ãšãã。ïŒæïŒæ¥ã«å士å£ã¯æ¥å Žæ（ïŒæïŒïŒæ¥åæ¥）ã«åããŠå€§éªå
¥ããããã、ãã以åã«æ€æ»ãè¡ããªã、ïŒæïŒïŒæ¥ãããªããªã。
æšå¹ŽïŒæïŒæ¥ã«è¡ãããç°¡ææ€æ»ãšåæ§ã«æ€æ»ããããçšããäºå®。倧麻ãªã©ã®éœæ§å€å®ãåºãŠã粟å¯æ€æ»ã¯è¡ããªã。眰åã«ã€ããŠã¯ä»åã®åæ¡ã«ã¯çã蟌ãŸããŠããªã。
----------------------------
æãæã¡å°¿æ€æ»「æ©æå®æœ」å³ã
æ¥æ¬çžæ²åäŒã®ç掻æå°éšç¹å¥å§å¡äŒ（æ§åçºé²æ¢æ€èšå§å¡äŒ）ã¯ïŒæ¥、å
šåäŒå¡ã察象ã«ããæ°ããªæãæã¡å°¿æ€æ»ã«ã€ããŠ、ããŒãã³ã°æ€æ»å§å¡äŒã®å€§è¥¿ç¥¥å¹³å°éå§å¡（æ
¶å€§ææ）ã亀ããŠè©±ãåã£ã。ïŒæ¥ã®äŒèŠã§ã¯「æ©æå®æœãç®æã」ãšããŠããã、ãã®æ¥ã¯åäŒå¹¹éšã「现ããã«ãŒã«ã¥ãããå¿
èŠã§、ããã«ã¯ã§ããªã。ïŒïŒæ¥ã®çäºäŒåŸããã«ãªãã ãã」ãšè©±ããªã©、å®æœã«ã¯æéãèŠãããã 。
--------------------------------
çžæ²åäŒ「æãæã¡å°¿æ€æ»」ïŒïŒæ¥ã«ãå®æœãšäºåçºè¡š
「åŠåçã」æ¹å€åãå¶åºŠèŠçŽãã
æ¥æ¬çžæ²åäŒãæ©ããã°ïŒïŒæ¥ã«ãå
šåäŒå¡ã察象ãšãã倧麻ã®æãæã¡å°¿æ€æ»ãè¡ã。çžæ²åäŒç掻æå°éšç¹å¥å§å¡äŒã®å€§è¥¿ç¥¥å¹³å§å¡（æ
¶å€§ã¹ããŒãå»åŠç 究ã»ã³ã¿ãŒææ）ãïŒæ¥、æ±äº¬・äž¡åœåœæ通ã«ç掻æå°éšé·ã®äŒå¢ãæµ·çäº（å
é¢èè€ãå·）ã蚪ã、å®æœåæ¡ãæåºãã。
倧西å§å¡ã¯å ±éé£ã®åæã«å¯Ÿã「å
·äœçãªæ¡ãåºãã。ã¹ããŒãæãæã£ãŠæ©æ¥ã«æ€æ»ããªããšãããªã」ãšèªã£ã。çžæ²åäŒã¯ïŒïŒæ¥ã«å®äŸçäºäŒãéãäºå®ã§、åå§å¡ã¯「æ¿èªãããã°、ç¿æ¥ããæ€æ»ã§ããæ
å¢ãæŽããã」ãšããŠãã。
倧麻ææ容çã§é®æãããå
è¥éºéºã®äºä»¶ãåãã次åã®æ€æ»ã§ã¯、å¹äžä»¥äžã®å士ã®ã»ã芪æ¹ãè¡åžãå«ããã¹ãŠã®åäŒå¡ã察象ãšãªã。
äžæ¹、å
è¥éºéºãžã®è§£éåŠåã「軜ããã」ãšå¡©è°·ç«æéšç§åŠçžããæ¹å€ãããããšãåã、æŠèµå·çäºé·（å
暪綱äžéãæµ·）ã¯ïŒæ¥、「（çäºäŒã§æ±ºå®ãã）解éã§ããã」ãš、åŠåãèŠçŽãææããªãããšã瀺ãã。
ãã®äžã§、解éããåäŒå¡ã«éè·éã«ãããé€èéãæ¯æããããåŸãªã、çŸè¡ã®å¯ä»è¡çºã«ã€ããŠ、「åé¡ã¯（解éåŠåã§）éè·éãæ¯æããã©ãã。解éããŠãçããšããããªãããã«、ä»åŸ、éè·éãæ¯æããªãããã«（å¯ä»è¡çºã）èŠçŽããªããšãããªã」ãšè©±ãã。
æ©ããã°ïŒïŒæ¥ã®çäºäŒã§æ±ºå®ããèŠèŸŒã¿ã 。
-------------------------------
倧çžæ²：解éåŠååèãã！åäŒ æç§çž“ç¡èŠ”
倧麻åç· æ³éå（å
±åææ）容çã§é®æãããå
å¹å
・è¥éºéºå®¹çè
（ïŒïŒ＝æ¬å・éŽå·çäž）ã解éããã件ã§、æ¥æ¬çžæ²åäŒã®æŠèµå·çäºé·（å
暪綱・äžéãæµ·）ã¯ïŒæ¥、解éåŠåãåèããæ¹éããªãããšãæããã«ãã。ïŒæ¥ã«å¡©è°·ç«（ããã®ã・ãã
ã）æéšç§åŠå€§è£ã「軜ããã」ãšåäŒã«åŠåã®åæ€èšãèŠæ±ããã、「解éã¯éã」ã®äžç¹åŒµã。äžæ¹ã§、解éã§ãéè·éã«ãããååŽéãæ¯æãããçŸåšã®èŠå®ã、æ©æ¥ã«èŠçŽãããšã匷調ãã。
ç£ç£å®åºãããã®æ¹å€ã«ã、åäŒãããã®å€æã¯å€ãããªãã£ã。ïŒæ¥ã«å¡©è°·æç§çžã、å
è¥éºéºå®¹çè
ãé€åã§ãªã解éãšããçžæ²åäŒã®å¯Ÿå¿ã«“ç©èšã”。åæ¥ã¯äœèª¿äžè¯ã§å¯Ÿå¿ããªãã£ãæŠèµå·çäºé·ã¯「（åŠåã¯）解éã ããã」ãš、ãããããŠåŠåã劥åœãšã®èŠè§£ãå£ã«ãã。
å¡©è°·æç§çžã¯ïŒæ¥ã®äŒèŠã§「（äžç¥¥äºã）床éãªãäž、軜ããããšã®å°è±¡ã¯åŠããªã」ãšçžæ²åäŒã®çã察å¿ãæ¹å€。ããã«「ä»åŸ、åäŒå
šäœã®（äžéš）æéã§åæ€èšãããå¯èœæ§ã¯ãããšæã」ãšåŠåã®å·®ãæ»ããæ±ããŠãã。ããã、åäŒïŒ®ïœ・ïŒã®äŒå¢ãæµ·äºæ¥éšé·（å
é¢è・è€ãå·）ãã¯「åŠåã¯éã」ãšåè«。ãããŠ、ãã®æ¥、æŠèµå·çäºé·ãåŠåã¯åèããªãæåãè¡šæãã。ä»åŸ、æç§çãžã®å ±åäºå®ããªããšãã。
ç£ç£å®åºã®æåãç¡èŠãããã®ãããª、倧çã®å¯Ÿå¿。äžå±€éšã®“ããšãããªã”ãåäŒå
å€ããæ¹å€ãããŠããã、æŠèµå·çäºé·ã¯「ä»ãšãªã£ãŠã¯ã©ãã®ããã®ã§ããªããã」ãšã°ã€ãæªããã«è©±ãã。「åé¡ã¯éè·éãæããªãããããªããšããããš。çããšèšãããªãããã«ä»åŸã¯ã³ãã£ãšæ±ºããŠãããã」ãšè©±ããã、çããã察å¿ã«ã¯ä»åŸ、äžéããã®èŠç·ãå³ãããªãããšãäºæ³ããã。
çžæ²åäŒã®å¯ä»è¡çºã«ã¯、解éãããå Žåã®éè·éèŠå®ãå®ããããŠããã、ãããä»åã®éšåã倧ãããããèŠå 。çäºé·ã「解éãããå Žåã«éè·éãæããªããã、æ©æ¥ã«å€ããªããšãããªã」ãšç€ºåããŠãã、æ©ããã°ïŒïŒæ¥ã®çäºäŒ・è©è°å¡äŒã§æ¹èšãããããšã«ãªã。æç§çãè¡æ¿æå°ãè¡ãäºå®ã¯ãªãã、äžéãçŽåŸãããã«ã¯æ¯
ç¶（ããã）ãšãã察å¿ãæãŸãã。（ã¹ããã）
--------------------------------
å
è¥éºéºãçäºé·ãžè¬çœªæ ç¶、ç®ã最ãŸãé äžãã
倧麻ææ容çã§é®æãããŠæ¥æ¬çžæ²åäŒãã解éåŠåãåãã倧çžæ²ã®å
è¥éºéº（æ¬å・éŽå·çäž）容çè
（ïŒïŒ）ãïŒæ¥、éè·éã«ãããé€èéã®åãåããèŸéãã。å°Ÿè»èŠªæ¹（å
倧é¢çŽé¢š）ãšå容çè
ã®ç¶éŽå·æ·³äžãã（ïŒïŒ）ãåæ¥ååŸ、æ±äº¬éœå¢šç°åºã®äž¡åœåœæ通ã蚪ã、å
è¥éºéºãæžããè¬çœªæãçžæ²åäŒã®æŠèµå·çäºé·（å
暪綱äžéãæµ·）ã«ææž¡ãã。
å°Ÿè»èŠªæ¹ã¯「è¥éºéºã®æãããããããæçŽãæšå€、åŒè·å£«ããåãåããŸãã」ãšã®èšèãæ·»ãã。å芪æ¹ã«ãããš、è¬çœªæã«ã¯「ãããã¯é€åãããŠãä»æ¹ãªã人é。é€èéãé ãæ°æã¡ã¯ãããŸãã」ãšããå
容ãã€ã¥ãããŠãããšãã。
ç¶æ·³äžããã¯èšè
äŒèŠã§ç®ã最ãŸã「çããã«ãè¿·æããããŠç³ãèš³ãããŸããã§ãã」ãšäœåºŠãé ãäžãã。
-----------------------------
åäŒå¹¹éšåŠåãªã å€ããã¬è§çè«ç (1/2ããŒãž)
2009.2.5 22:08
å
è¥éºéºã®éŽå·çäžå®¹çè
ã®è§£éåŠåãçºè¡šããæŠèµå·çäºé·（å³ããïŒäººç®）ã＝ïŒæ¥、æ±äº¬・äž¡åœåœæ通å
è¥éºéºã®éŽå·çäžå®¹çè
ã®è§£éåŠåãçºè¡šããæŠèµå·çäºé·（å³ããïŒäººç®）ã＝ïŒæ¥、æ±äº¬・äž¡åœåœæ通
倧麻åç· æ³éåã§é®æãããå
è¥éºéºã¯ïŒæ¥、éè·éã«åœããé€èéã®èŸéãæ¥æ¬çžæ²åäŒã«ç³ãå
¥ããã、æŠèµå·çäºé·（å
暪綱äžéãæµ·）ã¯èªèº«ãå«ããåäŒå¹¹éšãžã®åŠåãäžããªã姿å¢ã厩ããŠããªã。æšå¹Žã®å€§éº»é¢é£äžç¥¥äºã§ç£ç£è²¬ä»»ãåãããŠïŒéçŽéæ Œãšãªã£ã芪æ¹ã、ä»åã®éšåã®äžã§ïŒéçŽæé²ããŠãã。å
è¥éºéºã®åŠåã「ãã«ã²ã®ãã£ãœåã」ã ã£ããšã®å°è±¡ã¯åŒ·ãŸãã°ããã 。
ãããã解éã¯æ±ºããŠè»œãåŠåã§ã¯ãªã。è§çã®ã«ãŒã«ããã¯ã§ããå¯ä»è¡çºã«ã¯「解éããè
ã¯åã³åäŒã«åž°å±ããããšãã§ããªã」ãšæèšãããŠãã、æ°žä¹
è¿œæŸåŠåã§ãã。äžè¬ç€ŸäŒã§ããã°、éè·éã®æ¯æãã䌎ããªãæ²æå
è·ã«è¿ã。åé¡ã¯、解éè
ã®é€èéæ¯æãè«æ±ãæåŠã§ããªãçŸè¡ã®èŠå®ã«ãã。
è§çãäžäžžãšãªã£ãŠåçã«åãåªåããäžã§、倧麻ã«æãåºããè¥éºéºã¯æªè³ªã§ã¯ãã。ããã§ã、å€éšç£äºã§å
èŠèŠç·ç£ã®åéæºæ°ã「ã»ãã®åŠåãšã®å
Œãåãããã。éè·éãæ¯æããããªããããšãã£ãŠé€åã«ããã®ã§ã¯æ¬æ«è»¢å。（解éè
ã«é€èéãæ¯æã）çŸè¡ã®èŠå®ãå€ããå¿
èŠããã」ãšäž»åŒµããã®ã¯、æ³æ²»ã®ç²Ÿç¥ãããç解ã§ãã。æšå¹Žã®å€§éº»é¢é£äžç¥¥äºã«é¢äžããå士ïŒäººãšåæ§ã®è§£éãšããããšã¯åŠ¥åœã ãã。
-----------------------------
（以äžã¯ïŒã¡ãããã）
æ§åçºé²æ¢æ€èšå§å¡äŒãå士ã®äººçã©ããšã§ãã§ããŸãã、ã ãª
ããŒãã³ã°ã®å©æš©ã§ã¹ããŒãçãæ¯é
ããã®ã¯ç¬¬äžäžçã§ã¯ããããããš
åæ³æ«åã ãããª
å»çé¢ä¿è
ããã®çŸå³ããå©æš©ã¯ææŸããªãã
å士ã¯éå£ã§ïŒ£ïŒ¡ïŒ³ã«æ蚎ãã
è£å€æã«äººæš©ææžããããããŠã
---------------------
ãšã«ããæšå¹Žã®æ€æ»ã«ã€ããŠ
・ã¯ãã ã£ãè¥éºéºãã©ãããŠèŠéããããã®ã
・éœæ§ãšãããé²éµ¬ãšçœé²å±±ã¯æ¬åœã«ã¯ãã ã£ãã®ã
ãã®ïŒç¹ããã¹ã³ãã¯ãã£ãšè¿œåãã¹ãã 。
-----------------------
ãããŒãšãã¯ãã¶ã³ã¯èŠå¯ã¬ãã«ã§åé¡ã«ãªããªãã£ã
（ç¡çœªæŸå
）ã®ã«、ãããè
ã«ãããæãå¥、解é。
è¥éºéºã¯èŠå¯ã¬ãã«ã§åé¡ã«ãªã£ãã®ã«、「ããããã」ã§
解é。
ãã®å·®å¥ã容èªããŠã¯ãããªãã ãã。瀟äŒæ£çŸ©ã«åãã。
ãããŒ、ãã¯ãã¶ã³ã®ã±ãŒã¹ã§ã¯、èŠå¯ãåŒãããã、
èŠå¯ã§ã¯ãªã倧西ãèŠå¯å®ã®åœ¹å²ãæŒãã。ããã«ç¬¬äž
ã®åé¡ããã。
ããã«、åœæ倧西ãèŠéããè¥éºéºãå幎åŸã«é®æããã。
ããã«ç¬¬äºã®åé¡ããã。
-------------------------
倧西ã®å°éç¥èã§ã§ããããšã¯「åžåŒãã・ããªã」
ãèŠåãããŸã§。ãããŸã§ã圌ã®åé。
æ¥æ¬ã®æ³åŸã§ã¯åé¡èŠãããªã「åžåŒã®ã¿」ã
解éã«ãã倧西ã£ãŠ、ã©ãããè³ã¿ãããŠãã®？
（åäŒã®åŠåèŠå®ã«ãŸã§åœŒã¯å£ãåºããŠãã）。
ããã§ããŠ、èŠå¯ã«é®æãããè¥éºéºãèŠéãã
ããã ãã、å°é家ãšããŠã®åœŒã®èœåã«ã¯çåã
æããããåŸãªã。
-------------------------------
å»å¹ŽïŒæã®æ€æ»ã§、
「å¹å
å士å
šå¡ãæ€æ»ãã」ãšçºè¡šããã、
å®éã«ã¯å代ãã¯ããŒãæ€æ»ããªãã£ã。
圌ã¯æªã ã«æ€æ»ãåããŠããªã。
ãã®äºå®äžã€ããã£ãŠ「æ
¶å¿ã®å€§è¥¿ææã¯
å¹³æ°ã§åãä»ã人ç©ã§ãã」ãšæå®ããããšã
ã§ãã。
ãŸããŠã「è¥éºéºã®æ€æ»çµæãå»æ£ãã」
「éœæ§ã§ã¯ãªãã、åœéœæ§ã§ããªã。é°æ§ã§ã！」
ãšã¿ã³ã«ãåã£ãäºå®ããã。
圌ãç£ä¿®・ç£ç£ããæ€æ»ãªããŠä¿¡çšã§ããªã。
-------------------------------
ãããããã®æ€æ»ã®ç®çã
「ãã£ãŠã奎ã¯ãããã」ãšããèŠåã§ã¯ãªã、ç¯äººæ¢ãã§ããªã、
「èŸããããã奎ã倧ã£ãŽãã«ã¯ãã«ããå£å®」ã«ãªã£ãŠããããšã、
äžçªã®åé¡ã ã。
Subscribe to:
Post Comments (Atom)
No comments:
Post a Comment